History make the masses. But the masses are ruled by leaders. The influence of an individual on the development of social processes is the greater, the greater the influence this personality has on the consciousness of individuals, as well as on the social consciousness of groups, classes and nations. The formula of Marx's social progress — the developing productive forces of society outgrow their production relations, throw them off and give birth to new ones — true, but only with Lenin's amendment: man is the main productive force of humanity.

Comparing all that is united by the concept of "mine" with all that is united by the concept of "not mine" the concept of "I" is born. Here begins the development of the individual consciousness of modern man, here began the development and individual consciousness of fossil people. It also began its development and public power, which initially could not have any other form, as soon as the form of protection of a mother who realized her motherhood to her children.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, studying the physiological process, which he called the conditioned reflex, suggested that this process is the basis for the formation of mental reactions of all living organisms, including the thinking process of a human of a modern species. But, in our opinion, the human thinking process of the modern species is based not on one, but on four types of conditioned reflexes.

About two and a half thousand years ago, Zenon of Elea tried to draw the attention of researchers to how important it is (adequately to reality) to define the concepts that are used in the description of certain processes. But, apparently, his attempts were in vain, for the researchers, and still do not pay enough attention to the definition of basic concepts in the description, in particular, physical processes.

The proposed theory of value shows how the real market exchanges goods without measuring them.

Dialectics is often called the tool of knowledge of nature. But, in the opinion of the author of this article, this tool is still as imperfect as the scissors would be imperfect, without the central screw uniting the two blades of this tool. This "cog" in dialectics is the fact that the "struggle" of opposites, which is the driving force behind the development of all processes of nature, is not absolute.

About two and a half thousand years ago, Zenon of Elea tried to draw the attention of researchers to how important it is (adequately to reality) to define the concepts that are used in the description of certain processes. But, apparently, his attempts were in vain, for the researchers, and still do not pay enough attention to the definition of basic concepts in the description, in particular, physical processes.

In addition to the valence, which connects the atoms into molecules, there is a valence that connects the nucleons to each other.