In modern Russian, there are enough techniques for "thickening" the meaning. Traditional methods of compressive word formation are conversion, coalescence, addition, conjunction, and abbreviation.

Conversion, or morphological and syntactic method of formation ,is the creation of a new word as a result of its transition from one part of speech to another without using special word-forming affixes, for example, during substantiation (the transition of an adjective or participle to a noun): A district commander is a commander, and a sick person is a sick person.

Splice, or lexical-syntactic method of formation, is used when creating a word from a whole phrase, for example: this day - today; quickly soluble - quickly soluble; sluggishly flowing - sluggishly flowing.

Abbreviation is the addition of abbreviated bases (university) or abbreviated bases and full words (TV center).

When adding, one or more derived bases are added to a new word using an interfix (either materially expressed or null), for example: south and west - south-west; raincoat and tent-raincoat-tent. This is the so-called pure addition. If the suffix ("left bank - left bank") is also involved in word formation, then this is a complex suffix method of word formation.

And, finally, the conjunction of the phrase, or suffix univer-sation, is used when creating a word from a determinative phrase, when the defined word is omitted, and the suffix is added to the base: reading room - reading room; test book-test book.

It is these methods that serve to concentrate the meaning of a whole phrase in one word, which in modern linguistics is called "unibation" (from Latin unus-one and verbum-word), that is, the formation of a word based on the phrase to which it is synonymous. In contrast to the so-called "nominative" ways of word formation, which are designed to give a new name to an object or object.

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According to the phenomenon, the compressive word formation is used "for a one-word designation of a concept that already has a stable name in the language, but is composite and ambiguous" (Russian. Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1977, p. 577).

It is generally accepted that all these types of compression implement one of the main trends in language development - the tendency to save the means of expression. But in modern newspaper speech, one of the most fashionable ways to "condense" meaning has become, on the contrary, the least "economical" - fusion. And this is not accidental, since the desire of today's journalists for expressiveness and even effective statements is more important than saving speech resources. Experiments with the word lead to the appearance in print, for example, of such occasional nouns as "Russia-which-has-not-become" (Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1997. N 56), "the man-who-is-shown-on-TV" (AiF. 1999. N 20), and others compiled on the basis of not just a phrase, but almost a sentence.

In terms of form, these occasional words resemble words created by addition, where the zero interfix should act as a word-forming formant, and in writing the bases are separated by a hyphen: sofa-bed. Or take a more complicated version: mother-and-stepmother, ex-deputy prime Minister, where we already see several hyphens in the word.

But in essence, it is a fusion, that is, "a method of word formation in which a derived word in all its forms is completely identical in morphemic composition to a synonym phrase; the syntactic connection of this combination remains alive in the structure of the derived word" (Russian. Encyclopedia). In our examples, the generating base is an entire phrase that does not undergo any semantic changes. The meaning of the compound word " raincoat-tent "is derived from the phrase" tent in the form of a raincoat", and not"raincoat and tent". There is no simple addition of the meanings of two generating bases. One seme seems to be superimposed on another, and a new word is born. And in the occasional words we are considering, their meaning is entirely made up of the semantics of the components that make up these words. And from the word-forming point of view, there are no interfixes, even zero ones, in such occasionally-alisms, because the interfix connects the bases of the word. In our examples, we have formed not just generating bases, but whole words that stand not only in the nominative, but also in the indirect case (with endings that, as you know, are taken out of the base), and words that relate to different parts of speech.

Similar experiments have already been carried out in artistic speech by writers and poets of the Silver Age. But it was not so much the effect of the utterance that came to the fore (although it was not overlooked), as the search for the most accurate expression of meaning in line with the innovative aesthetics of the beginning of the century.

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So, A. Kruchenykh named one of his books "Mirskontsa", thickening the meaning of the nomination with the help of pure fusion. And this new nomination included a sign: not " The World (what?) from the end", and (what?) "Mirskontsa". This spelling emphasizes the hidden antithesis: not the generally accepted description of history ab ovo, from the very beginning, but the description of modernity-from the end of the world. The combined spelling translates occasionalism into the realm of philosophical terms.

Indeed, one of the features of splices is the terminologization of words. In modern newspaper speech, such occasional splices (sometimes with suffixation) are also used to create new quasi-terms (often joking or ironic), to which journalists strive to give full-fledged generalizing definitions: "It turned out something in the style of "idalulism" - bows, roses, plastic jewelry, crimplene and nylon, the brightest combinations of colors " (AIF. 1998. N 15).

But most often journalists use hyphenated, rather than contact spelling in such cases: "... a pause, tension is resolved by an ironic smile appearing on the speaker's face, in the style of " well-can you-imagine?""(AiF. 1999. N 12). By origin, the hyphen is a dividing sign. Its name itself comes from Lat. divisio - division, dismemberment. But M. V. Lomonosov also called it "unique". And, indeed, in our examples, the hyphen connects words into a new name, combines the meaning of the words being added. And the contact spelling of "Mirskonets" is semantically equivalent to the hyphenated spelling: "boy-with-a-thumb", "Small-Not-a-Miss" (the title of the novel by K. Vonnegut). Here, the hyphen combines nicknames that are usually appendices and are written separately (Vladimir Yasnoye Solnyshko), with common nouns, into a new name that exists only as an indissoluble whole.

Hyphenation also becomes fashionable when referring to people of the older or younger generation of the same family, where the adjective is used in an unusual function of the appendix: "And if it were not for the recently built huge Galina Vishnevskaya center created by Posokhin Jr., and before that-Peter the Tsereteli freak, Ostozhenka would gradually regain its typical Moscow features" (The center is a plus. 1999. N 29); " Presnyakov Sr. to his wife... "(AIF. 1999. N 22).

The hyphen as a "singular" sign was also used by poets of the beginning of the century. Their experiments with the word concerned not only semantic innovation, but also the innovation of the form, the verbal shell that can best reflect the individual author's understanding of the surrounding world embedded in it. So, M. I. Tsvetaeva in her autobiographical essay "My Pushkin" wrote: "The monument to Pushkin was not a monument to Pushkin (genitive case), but simply a Monument to Pushkin, in the Russian language.

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one word, with equally incomprehensible and separately non-existent concepts of monument and Pushkin" (Tsvetaeva M. I. Sobr. soch. in 7 vols. Vol. 5. Moscow, 1994, p. 59). In the same way, in the essay "Khlystovsky", she combines a hyphen particle with the comparative degree of an adjective, getting the word necessary for expressing her own perception of life: "They existed only in the plural, because they never went one at a time, but always two at a time, even with one sieve, they came two at a time, younger and older, - a little younger with a little older, because they were all of some collective age... "(Ibid., p. 92). In such contexts, hyphenated words are similar in function to character words. They are highlighted not to attract readers ' attention in an unusual way, but to focus this attention on the symbolic meaning of these words.

An aesthetic burden is also borne by similar occasionalism in A. B. Marienhoff's novel "The Shaved Man": "Then I asked myself the question:" Would you like it? Mishka, should I exchange noses with Volodka Morozov? Look how noble he is, but you're a flop." And a little, sometimes, did not cry out: "Ni-v-zhis"" (Mariyengof A. B. Shaven man. Moscow, 1991. p. 10)." Ni-v-zhis " is an emotion. Hyphens help to express it in the most expressive way: not an impersonal, neutral "never", but a phrase that is blurted out in a single breath in a patter, concentrated in one word.

We find echoes of these experiments in the language of the modern press: "... Elista newspapers were filled with letters from workers and veterans in defense of the beloved president, angry articles like "we-should-not-be-brought-to-our-knees" on behalf of the people" (AiF. 1998. N 27). "We-should-not-be-brought-to-our-knees" (AiF. 1998. N 27).knees" is also an emotion, they tried to strengthen it by condensing it into one word, which, unfortunately, turned out to be too long.

Let's pay attention to the fact that the words under consideration are like names-definitions of new "styles"," roles"," types "and"types". It is these generalizing words that stand in front of the considered occasionalisms. But the loss of such formations of their stylistic characteristics leads to a fashionable, but unmotivated simple string of words: "The role of" our-guy-who-is-not-afraid-of-anyone-and-gives-everyone-a-kick-in-the-ass" is still relevant " (AiF. 1999. N 20).

Traditionally, the language was marked by such concepts as words-sentences. Today, in the language of the newspaper, we encounter sentences-words. Aren't we gradually returning in a persistent, but, as newspaper examples show, often unjustified desire to create word-texts to the origins of writing, when all words were written almost together? But to be sure to be at least somewhat original, modern journalists will suggest that we write all the words with a hyphen...

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