The adjective effective has existed in the Russian language since ancient times. Its meaning can be formulated as follows: "Able to act actively, to influence someone, something; giving the best result, effective." Over time, the range of nouns with which this adjective is combined gradually expands. It includes abstract nouns whose semantics contain the idea of activity or processality: method (something), method (something). verb form), means (for what-L. or against whom-what-L.), measures (for what-L. or against what-L.), struggle (with whom-what-L. or against whom-what-L.) control (for what-L.), help (to whom-what-L. in what-L.), program (what-L.), politics, factor (what-L.), criticism (who-what-L.), propaganda (what-L.), agitation (for whom-what-L. or against whom - what-L.), theory, teaching, reforms (in the field of what-L.), changes (in what-L.), reorganization (what-L.), slogan, call (to what-L.), etc. Here are some examples:
"The most effective way to improve your memory is to create a powerful motivation" (Profile. 1999. No. 2);" If we do not conduct an effective fight against corruption, then those who oppose state regulation are right " (Segodnya. 1994. June 15); "The most effective
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tea tree oil is considered to be the most effective treatment for the inner surface of shoes" (Home hearth. 1999. March); "It should be recognized that this is, of course, a very effective economic program (Izvestia. 1996. 17 Jan.).
The next member of the paronymic series - the adjective valid-has also been used in Russian for many centuries, without undergoing any significant semantic changes during this time, but at the same time expanding its lexical compatibility. Explanatory dictionaries usually distinguish two meanings of this paronym: 1. Existing or actually existing; real, authentic, real. 2. Usually in a short form. Valid, valid, and active.
In the first sense, the adjective real, as well as effective, is also combined with abstract nouns: life, fact, change (in what-L.), factor (in what-L.), growth (in what-L.), improvement (in what-L.), progress (in what - L.), reforms (in the field of what-L.), control (for what-L.), guarantee (for what-L.), benefit, interest (for whom-what-L.), danger (for whom-what-L.), threat (for whom-what-L. or to whom-what-L.), freedom, democracy, equality, vacancies, etc. For example:
"Real life is so different from writing that you can never guess where it will turn" (D. Granin. Zubr); "If there are no real changes in politics and economy in Russia, it will not be due to a lack of funds" (Izvestia. 1994. July 8);
"Advertisements containing job offers must correspond to actual vacancies" (Sposrod. 1997. N 10);
"The incident I have described is a real fact that happened not far from my village" (S. Aksakov. Buran).
It should be noted that in general, the range of nouns used with the adjective effective and its paronym real (in the first meaning) does not coincide. However, in some cases, paronymic combinations of these adjectives with such nouns included in both lists as control, reforms, and changes are possible. If they are used with the adjective effective, then we are talking about what gives a good result, is effective. And if the adjective real stands next to these nouns, then it means that control, reforms and changes are actually carried out, are genuine, real, and not just declarative.
In the second sense, the adjective valid, usually used in a short form, is combined with a very limited range of nouns: passport, certificate, pass, visa, power of attorney, check, bill of exchange, will, invitation (ofi-
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social document), tickets, signature, and some others. Here are some typical utterances with these nouns: The power of attorney is valid for three years. The visa is valid for one month. The pass is valid until the end of the year. The signature of the former director is no longer valid. The use of such cliches does not cause difficulties.
Of particular interest is the third term of the paronymic series under consideration - the adjectivated participle acting. Unfortunately, this paronym is very "unlucky": as a title word, it is not indicated at all in explanatory dictionaries, although it is very common in the function of an adjective. In our opinion, this paronym has three main meanings::
1. Those who have authority and are in power (about state and political figures).
2. It is in operation, functioning, and working properly (usually about enterprises, institutions, technical devices, mechanisms, devices, etc.).
3. Currently existing and applied in practice (on laws, contracts and other regulatory documents). actions in documents).
In the first sense, this adjective is usually used with the following nouns: president, governor, head of administration (region, city, district), head of the legislative assembly, mayor, politician, and some others. For example:
"About 19 percent-this is the gap in the number of votes received by the current President of Ukraine "(World for a week. 1999. N 12); " It is obvious that any of the candidates (for the post of governor) will consider the current governor as their main rival "(AiF. 1999. N 41); " And all of them (participants in the coup attempt) are current politicians today.. . "(Profile. 1999. N 3).
The range of nouns that combine with the second-meaning paronym under consideration is much wider: enterprise, plant, factory, combine, shop, oil pipeline, gas pipeline, mine, coal mine, mine, rolling mill, blast furnace, nuclear power plant, metro line, telephone exchange, port, stadium, swimming pool, theater, fountain, house recreation center, sanatorium, boarding house, hospital, polyclinic, advanced training courses, market, church, cemetery, combine harvester, excavator, elevator, refrigerator, computer, pump, telescope and many others. Here are some examples:
"Starodubtsev himself is ready to invest shares of existing enterprises in the project under discussion "(Profile. 2000. N 3); " The Government
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Germany has decided to gradually eliminate all existing nuclear power plants " (Ekho Moskvy Radio Station. 2001. June 13); "This year, the existing sanatoriums and boarding houses in Sochi have prepared in advance for the upcoming holiday season and are ready to receive thousands of vacationers" (Izvestia. 2001. May 14); "The T-84 will be the only working model of the tank at the international arms exhibition "Idex-99" ... "(Moscow. news. 1999. March 16).
In the third sense, the adjective acting is also combined with a large number of nouns: constitution, legislation, decree, code, charter, contract, agreement, instruction, order (what-l.), rules (what-l.), regime, schedule (what-l.), tariff, tariff grid, tax scale, interest rates rates (in banks), currency exchange rate, restrictions, system (something), etc. For example:
"The current legislation allows claiming damages only if these losses are caused by illegal actions" (Metro. 2000. 26 Jan.); "In the second reading, they (deputies) adopted a bill to amend the current law on value added tax" (Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 1999.4 March); "In addition, we have prepared a number of amendments to the current code... "(Profile. 1999. N 1); "Many of the current rules governing the norms of domestic behavior are easily detected even by an outsider" (Home hearth. 1999. May); "The latest fashion trend is the "timeshare" system, which is relatively recently established in our market and has been operating for a long time in the world" (Izvestia. 1994. June 1).
It should also be noted that in some cases the adjective acting is included in stable phrases and does not fit into the framework of the meanings we have identified. Such stable phrases include, in particular, an active person (a character in a literary work or a participant in an event) and an active army.
These are our observations and conclusions regarding the interpretation, lexical compatibility and use of the paronyms effective, valid and effective.
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