Several million people who found themselves in a foreign land after the revolution of 1917 and the civil war were put in a situation of self-identification and self-identification.determining their place in the life of their host countries. Therefore, it is clear that the terms emigration, emigrant and other related concepts played a very prominent role in the language of refugees. Especially the first and second "waves of emigration", which occurred in 1918 - mid and late 1920s, sought to define the content of these concepts. Hence the linguistic features of the functioning of the words emigrant, emigration and their derivatives in the emigrant language. And this is understandable: reality determines the real life of concepts and words. A huge number of newspapers and magazines published by emigrants were an excellent "testing ground" for developing and polishing new content, meaning in the concept of "emigrant". From this point of view, the use of the words emigrant, emigration in the pages of the emigrant press (journalism) is of particular interest, since it was the newspapers that instantly reacted to the slightest semantic or pragmatic fluctuation in the use of these concepts.

The term emigration is one of the most frequent terms in emigrant journalism. However, the historical associations of this concept with the French Revolution of 1789, from the point of view of emigrants, are only external, superficial, rooted in the similarity of the name, but in terms of content, such a comparison is hardly appropriate: "Russian' emigration ' has no precedent in world history. It is most often compared to the French of the late eighteenth century - and, of course,there are some similarities between the two phenomena...

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Individually, there is very little in common between the modern Russian "refugee" and the French emigre "(Vladimir Nabokov. Us and Them).

The word is used both in free form and with its own definitions (which is much more common in newspaper texts). The meaning of the term is "people (or a set of people) who have moved to another country": "After all, if our "change" is not ready, if our youth is dispersed, "denationalized", finally leaving Russia for their personal life abroad, then emigration as a political force will cease to exist after a while " (Vozrozhdenie. 1939. July 14);

"[A. Kazim-bek] as a political leader, he is outstanding, but as an interpreter of a political theme, I do not know another equal to him in emigration "(Molodorosskaya iskra. 1933. November 15); "Forced Russia is silent, and emigration is divided and wanders in the dark, updating old political programs or borrowing foreign forms from the West "(from the speech of General A. I. Denikin / / Voice of Russia. 1931. 2 Aug.).

However, such a dictionary definition says almost nothing about the pragmatic aspect of the term; for this purpose, the word emigration is often accompanied by adjectives designed to clarify such a versatile concept for emigrants. Adjectives in this case act as semantic concretizers. Such definitions unmistakably give both political and other characteristics of various emigrant groups: national-minded emigration, for example, in the welcoming message of Grand Duke Andrey Vladimirovich to the Young Russians. National emigration: "...the question of the problem for national emigration is so clearly raised that comments are superfluous" (Article by V. M. Levitsky / / Voice of Russia. 1933. Jan. - Feb. - March); Russian emigration: "the language is taken away from the Russian people, and only Russian emigration, i.e., those who inspired the Russian people to fight, who led and led it, still speaks of the great past, of the self-sacrifice of the Russian people in the name of the Slavic idea..." (Russian Voice. 1934. July 29); white emigration: "...there are still few people in the white emigration who have given up the idea of returning to their native lands, from the thirst for the speedy end of the Soviet Bolshevik power" (Voice of Russia. 1932. Sept.- Oct.); white military emigration: "Requests received... from all parts of the world scattering white military emigration, witness that events... they stirred up an active mass of former Russian anti-Soviet fighters... " (Voice of Russia. 1932. September-October); Far Eastern emigration: "The Far Eastern emigration is undoubtedly the oldest" (Today. 1930. January 7). In anarchist publications, the phrase White Guard-Petliura emigration is found with a negative semantic evaluation: "A change in the mood of the White Guard-Petliura emigration, as well as the internal bourgeoisie and intelligentsia... - all these phenomena and facts confirm the correctness of our analysis of state communism as a whole.

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counter-revolutionary in its essence and restorative in its tendency" (Anarchich. bulletin. 1924. N 7).

The most acute problem for emigrants is the loss of the national idea by young people, the desire to return to their homeland, the struggle for the cause of their fathers, which was painfully experienced by the older generation, hence the stratification of emigration into "national" and "denationalized": "Emigration, denationalized, lost its Russianness, does not interest us at all" (Signal. 1939. 1 Apr.). This is connected with the internal comparison of the concepts of "emigrant "and" tourist, foreigner": both of them only superficially get acquainted with the life and customs of the country, without deep analysis and study. From the point of view of emigrants, it is not allowed to be apolitical (a"foreigner", a "tourist", that is, a gullible and naive person) in emigration: "... one must be a hopelessly naive" foreigner " (there are a dime a dozen of such people among the emigration now) to believe the scheme insistently insinuated by the Communists that the struggle [in the USSR] goes for bread "(Voice of Russia. 1933. January-February-March).

Although the emigrant existence smoothed out many national differences, emigration nevertheless supported associations along national lines: "The multiplicity of tribes in Russia also predetermined the multiplicity of emigration" (Signal, 1939, April 1). The historical role of emigration is seen in the return to Russia and the construction of a new country or the revival of the old one (on this point, emigration did not have unity): "... with the systematic extermination of our state-thinking stratum in the USSR and the exceptional lack of culture of the Soviet leading stratum in the future revival of Russia, no new government can do without our emigration" (Signal. 1939. 1 Apr.).

Clearly on the periphery of linguistic usage is the use of the word emigration as a noun with a procedural, rather than collective meaning (which is more typical): "To holders of insurance policies who, due to emigration from Russia, could no longer pay insurance premiums" (Ad / / Days. 1925. 1 February). Cf. another example, when this feature's processality is supported by the synonym refugee with the same grammatical meaning of the process: "Only after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, when Bolshevism threw off the mask and the desire to exterminate everything that could be labeled 'bourgeois' was openly expressed, did emigration and refugee status take on a very large scale" (Rudder. 1920. 2 Dec.).

A stylistically colored synonym for the term emigration was the word exile: "We [emigrants] are poor, without any ground under our feet, without power. But we have been fighting for 20 years in exile" (Russian Voice, March 5, 1939). The word exile is a semantically exalted word used in the Bible: "But whosoever will not keep the law of thy God, and the law of the king, let him be judged immediately, whether by death or death.

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for banishment, or for a fine of money, or for imprisonment" (Ezra. 7, 26); "...Under blows in prisons, in exile, in vigils, in fasts... "(Second Epistle to the Corinthians. 6, 5). It was used in ecclesiastical literature and was based on the Greek diogmos "exile, persecution". An appeal to the historical past evoked the word exile (the Russian equivalent of the Slavic word for exile).: "How can we take up the naked body of Russian political life with our living hands from here, from exile, from exile?" (Molodorosskaya Iskra. 1933. January 5).

Occasionally, the verb emigrate is used. "The leaders of the trade unions are being cruelly persecuted by the Soviet government. Many of them have been shot, many are in prisons and concentration camps, or have emigrated." 1920. December 1). An incomplete (partial) synonym for it is the verb to disperse: "... our homeland fell under the yoke of the Third International, and we dispersed to all countries of the world as refugees-emigrants "(Russian voice, 1934, July 29); cf. also the participle scattered. "I cordially congratulate all loyal Russian soldiers scattered abroad on the upcoming Feast of the Bright Resurrection of Christ" (Russkiy golos. 1939. 9 Apr.).

Much more often, the verbal noun scattering was used (usually in combination with other words), in which the procedural meaning was still strong?: "To our common great shame and disgrace, [emigrant indifference] is a universal phenomenon, a phenomenon inherent in the entire world Russian dispersion of Russian emigration" (Voice of Russia. 1933. January-February-March). However, sometimes this procedural feature in the word scattering is lost, and it becomes synonymous with the term emigration: "To the credit of the committee, it must be said that it has worked hard and achieved its goal. His call to take part in the exhibition was answered by a large number of people from many places of the Russian diaspora, led by Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna... "(Russkiy golos. 1939. April 16); " No sooner were the words of our appeal heard than they came from all over the world... all possible donations and deeply touching greetings flowed to our newspaper, the newspaper of the poor and destitute Russian people who exist in the dispersion" (Russkiy Banner, 1925. June 26); "At this Meeting, information reports established that in some countries of the Russian diaspora, such as Czechoslovakia and South Slavia, denationalization " captures not only children, but even a part of the adult working population, and every year it becomes deeper and more noticeable"" (Days, 1925, February 6).

The words "scattering"and" scattering " in the language usage of emigrants require additional explanations, since the emigrants saw the cultural and historical content and the roll call of times behind these designations. The term scattering is an exact tracing of the Greek

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from the verbal noun diaspora - scattering. In the Bible, all the words of this word-formation series-scatter, scatter, scattered, scatter, etc. play an extremely important role: "The Lord God, who gathers the scattered Israelites, says,' I will gather others to what I have gathered from him.'"..Gather together our dispersion, deliver those who are enslaved by the Gentiles, look upon the despised and despised, and let the Gentiles know that You are our God." Chapter 25. Verse. 34); "And I will bring you out of the nations and out of the countries where you are scattered; and I will gather you together with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with the outpouring of wrath" (Ezekiel. 20,34).

diaspora was first used to refer to Greek - speaking Jews; in the New Testament, the term refers to the group of Jews who, since the Babylonian captivity (586 BCE), have migrated and been evicted from Palestine and live among Pagan peoples (in Egypt and Asia Minor). At the beginning of our era, this concept was applied to all co-religionist Jews who lived outside of church communities. In Catholicism, the term diaspora was used to refer to Catholic communities in various countries of other faiths.

Taking root in the lexicon of emigrants of the term scattering, used exclusively in the text of the Bible, is not accidental, since it helped to correlate their stay abroad with a similar historical event, allowing them to draw spiritual strength from this in anticipation of returning to their Homeland.

The need to recognize oneself as a single, cohesive force gives rise to the adjective pan - emigrant-this is especially characteristic of those representatives of the younger generation who actively prepared to return to their homeland ("activism"):" The Harbin Russian Club celebrated the centenary of the first performance of the Russian national anthem by a special pan-emigrant meeting... " (Molodorosskaya iskra. 1933. July 10).

The definitions given to the word emigrant in journalism are very diverse: Italian emigrants, Russian emigrants, anti-Soviet emigrants. In addition, this term acts as an appendix: Bolsheviks-emigrants, refugees-emigrants. However, the combination of two terms in the phrase emigrants and refugees was intended to separate those who fled from the Soviet government for political reasons-emigrants (in the emigrant language, often equated with the concept of "anti-Bolshevik" as more accurately reflecting the essence of the phenomenon) and refugees who left Russia for economic and other reasons: "Most of the Russian population of Manchuria can be considered as its indigenous sedentary population. The influx of emigrants and refugees from Russia contributed to the revival of Russian cultural and social life in Manchuria-Go, without disturbing that soil,

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which favourably distinguished it from the purely emigrant existence of Russians in Europe "(Molodorosskaya iskra. 1933. July 10).

From the words emigrant, emigration, the relative adjective emigrant is formed; its typical meanings are: 1) consisting of emigrants - the emigrant mass, emigrant circles, emigrant officers, the emigrant mass of Paris, emigrant youth, emigrant families, emigrant center: "...only a Russian soldier is able to create in the emigrant mass that powerful core that can once again rush to the feat of sacrifice and unselfish service to his brother suffering from blood "(Voice of Russia. 1933. January-February-March). 2) belonging to the emigrant-emigrant economists: "For the sake of greater impartiality about the" five-year plan", the magazine wanted to publish articles by one Soviet and one emigrant economist" (Rudder. 1930. June 20). 3) Typical of emigrants -emigrant existence, emigrant indifference, emigrant activism: "Recently a "conference" was held in Moscow, or, simply put, a congress of Soviet theater directors was held, at which A. Tolstoy made a speech on behalf of dramatic authors. This once very talented writer changed his emigrant existence to Soviet life back in 1922" (Vozrozhdenie. 1939. July 14); "[The white struggle] must continue - in forms of expat activism that.... It is the nature of the emigrant, the meaning and justification of emigration" (From the speech of General A. I. Denikin / / Voice of Russia. 1931. 2 Aug.).

Thus, the term emigration, considered in various linguistic contexts and used by emigrants in journalism, allows us to look at it in a three-dimensional way from different points of view: semantic, word-forming, cultural and historical (emigration - refugee - exile - exile - dispersion) and pragmatic, which is different from the functioning of the concept in the Soviet language and political discourse.

Saint-Petersburg

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