On December 8, 2014, the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (PRUE) hosted the international scientific and practical conference "Geopolitical Risks of the Modern World Economy", dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Department of World Economy of PRUE. The conference was attended by teachers and staff of PRUE, Lomonosov Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Prague Diplomatic Academy, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANH and GS), Omsk Branch of PRUE, PRUE University. Suleiman Demirel (Kazakhstan), Saint Petersburg University for the Humanities of Trade Unions, European University, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the USA and Canada of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Latin America of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences, All-Union Research Conjuncture Institute.

In total, the conference was attended by more than 70 speakers, including those from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Iran, Mongolia, Germany, Spain, Italy, China, Vietnam, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. Along with the plenary session, work was carried out in sections where Russian and foreign students, as well as graduate students of PRUE presented their point of view on the stated problems. The project was organized by the Department of World Economy and the Faculty of International Economic Relations of PRUE. The event was moderated by Professor of the Department of World Economy of PRUE S. V. Ivanova.

The conference was opened by the first Vice-rector of PRUE, L. A. And Bragin. On behalf of the Rector of PRUE V. I. Grishin, he congratulated the staff of the department, as well as its founder and head, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, corresponding member. RAS R. I. Khasbulatova. Welcoming speeches were made by: S. D. Valentey, Research Supervisor of PRUE; K. V. Ekimova, Head of the Research Department of PRUE; A.V. Shishkin, Head of the Educational and Scientific Center "Trade" of PRUE; I. B. Stukalova, Dean of the Faculty of International Economic Relations of PRUE; I. V. Gorokhova, Head of the PRUE Publishing House; I. O. Abramova, Deputy Director of the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Center for Socio-Economic Research of the Institute of the USA and Canada of the Russian Academy of Sciences L. F. Lebedev et al.

Welcoming letters from the Adviser to the President of the Russian Federation acad were read out. S. Y. Glazyev of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Rector of the University of Constance W. Ruediger (Germany). Congratulatory addresses were received from St. Petersburg and Omsk, from the UK, San Marino, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Moldova.

The plenary session opened with a report on the topic "Specifics of integration of the Russian economy into the global world economy", which was presented by the Head of the Department of World Economy of PRUE R. I. Khasbulatov. He considered the impact of political events on the national economy, the growing asymmetry in the balance of power in the global economy, and the need for Russia to form a multi-vector foreign policy. Major changes are currently taking place in the global economy and world politics. For higher school teachers, it is extremely important to assess these events, it is necessary to review textbooks on the world economy and international economic relations. R. I. Khasbulatov noted that the geopolitical risks of our time require strategic economic planning from the state, consistent implementation of comprehensive programs for the development of the country's territories.

The current political crisis of the Russia-West axis did not arise suddenly. In this regard, preventive diplomacy and the ability to find external friends whose interests are close to those of Russia are important. But the most important thing is the problem of the sovereignty of the Russian economy while maintaining the active development of foreign economic relations, new industrialization, taking into account the achievements of modern science.

The audience was very interested in the reports "Modern risks of the Russian economy" by corresponding members. Russian Academy of Sciences D. V. Sorokin (Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation), "Macroeconomics and Electric Power Industry of Russia: medium-term forecast", Director General of the Institute of Energy Problems B. I. Nigmatulin; "Russia in the Global Economy: in search of answers to new challenges" by L. F. Lebedeva (Institute of the USA and Canada RAS), "Information component of geopolitical risks" by Yu. V. Piskulov (Vseross. acad. foreign Trade Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation). A number of scientists-R. I. Khasbulatov, D. V. Sorokin, B. I. Nigmatullin, Yu. M. Osipov-not only made reports, but also gave recommendations on how to get out of the crisis situation.

Dmitry Sorokin (Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation) pointed out that Russia has natural resources that are the subject of interest from the four geopolitical zones surrounding it: the West, the Muslim world, China and Japan. If the state in Russia becomes weaker, geopolitical risks increase. If the economy grows by less than 5% per year, the gap between Russia and the main geopolitical zones will increase.

The participants were very interested in the report of B. I. Nigmatullin (Institute of Energy Problems). He stressed that the cost of electricity for the national economy should be estimated not by absolute indicators, but in comparison with the country's GDP, including per capita. At that time, the cost of electricity in Russia is currently 14% higher than in Germany, and 2.3 times higher than in the United States. To overcome the crisis, it is necessary first of all to limit the outflow of capital from the country, which reached $ 130 billion in 2014 alone. It is advisable to invest in housing construction, capital repairs of existing production and infrastructure facilities, and replace at least half of what is spent on food imports with national agricultural production before investing in the construction of new facilities.

L. F. Lebedeva (Institute of the USA and Canada, Russian Academy of Sciences) noted that 2014 marked a new stage in relations between Russia and the West. A new trend is the use of financial instruments for political purposes. Trade and financial sanctions have become weapons that destroy the open economy. To overcome the crisis, more attention should be paid to human capital and improving economic management tools. It is necessary to diversify the geographical structure of foreign economic relations, turning our eyes to Asia, but not to abandon relations with America and Europe.

Yu. V. Piskulov (All-Russian) acad. Foreign Trade Ministry of Economic Development) devoted a report to the analysis of the information component of geopolitical risks. The main task in modern conditions is the consolidation of Russian society. The success of Western sanctions is facilitated by the media war and information chaos, which the speaker described with concrete examples.

I. B. Stukalova (PRUE) made a presentation on "Internationalization of higher education in Russia". Five countries accounted for half of all international students worldwide in 2013: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, and the United States. Russia's share in international student migration is about 1%, and 77% of foreign students in Russia are citizens of the CIS countries, Georgia, and the Baltic states. Irina Stukalova spoke about PRUE's activities in training foreign students.

A lively discussion was held on the reports of representatives of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov-M. V. Kulakov, Yu. M. Osipov, M. N. Osmova and E. F. Avdokushin.

The reports clearly traced the idea of a radically new model of development, a transition from the values of the global consumer society to a different model, a different system of values. Yu. M. Osipov, chief editor of the Philosophy of Economy journal, stated :" We judge the economy only by value indicators. But the current production and quantity of goods is excessive. Excessive use of resources. The economic model puts pressure on people. Soon, the person himself may become redundant for this system. The Western world, a bastion of economic fundamentalism, exploits and subjugates the rest of the world. In the development of robotics, people are not needed. That leaves the advanced countries on the one hand, and the rest of the world on the other. A posthuman world and a world that wants to survive. Post-world in relation to che-

lovechestvu acts as an anti-world. The rest of the world is against the post-world." We need to change our qualitative approach and reflect on the fate of the country. You can not just skim the cream from the household space. "We need a Russia that is not Byzantine, not German, not Marxist." There is a conceptual war going on for the future of humanity.

M. N. Osmova, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, author of textbooks on the problems of the world economy and globalization, in her report "A new Vision of global processes" stressed that in the context of the crisis of the international financial system, many economic concepts are becoming obsolete, and the recently introduced term "new uncertainty"is becoming very important. You can talk about the "end of employment". There are fewer and fewer people engaged in productive labor in the real sector of the economy. For modern world production, only 20% of the world's population is needed. The problem of poverty is becoming more acute on a global scale.

Mikhail Kulakov, in his report "The crisis of the global financial system as a signal for change", examined the dynamics of foreign trade between the United States and China over the past decade: US exports increased 1.6 times, China's exports - 6.3. China surpassed the United States in exports of goods and became the largest holder of US government securities. At the same time, China's quota in the IMF and the number of votes is still significantly lower than in the United States. There are significant contradictions, which should be overcome by finding compromises.

An important place in connection with geopolitical risks was occupied by the discussion of the problems of developing countries, Asian and African countries, and Russia's cooperation with these countries.

I. O. Abramova (Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in her report "The role of Africa in the world economy of the XXI century" noted that the model of world economic development is currently changing, and new centers of power are emerging. Financial, technological, and informational levers are retained by the old centers of power (the West), but at the same time new centers of world production are being formed (China). The world is changing, and Russia must develop a new strategy. "From the multi-vector policy of the USSR, Russia under the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation L. V. Kozyrev moved to a single-vector policy, focusing only on the West. Although this strategy has changed, Africa still occupies a small place in it. Meanwhile, Africa is 53 UN members. Today, Africa is not just about Ebola, AIDS, and poverty. Africa is becoming one of the world's poles of socio-economic development." The continent has the richest mineral resources, and not all of its natural resources have been explored. Another factor that can play an important role in Africa's development is the demographic dividend.

Russia curtailed its cooperation with Africa in the early 1990s. Meanwhile, from an economic point of view, the Russian Federation is interested in coordinating its actions with African countries that export raw materials. Africa can become a consumer of Russian industrial products, including those produced by medium-sized businesses. There are many graduates of Soviet universities in Africa who should be kept in contact with.

E. F. Avdokushin, in his report "The Eastern Vector of the Russian Economy: Opportunities and threats", considered the problems of cooperation between the Russian Federation and China. In addition to China, he noted, promising partners in the eastern direction are the Republic of Korea, Vietnam, and Indonesia.

A.V. Akimov (IB RAS) in his report "Scenario analysis of the development prospects of Eastern countries" spoke about the development forecasts of China and India, which were developed by the staff of the Economic Research Department of the IB RAS with the involvement of country experts. Several scenarios for the development of the PRC were considered, including rapid aging of the population and extinction according to the Japanese version, political instability in the center and regions, but the most likely option was "struggle for leadership in the world". With regard to the development forecasts of India, the most realistic scenario was considered to be "successful catch-up development", but the chances are quite high for the "environmental catastrophe"scenario.

B. L. Tatibekov (Univ. Suleiman Demirel, Kazakhstan) made a presentation on "Creating an international social risk management system in the context of reducing informal labor migration in the countries of North and Central Asia". He studied the problem of international labor migration, including illegal migration. In North and Central Asian countries, a significant proportion of immigrants find work in the informal sector. In the 2000s, the share of the informal sector in employment was 47% in Kyrgyzstan and 29.6% in Azerbaijan. A number of problems are associated with the work of immigrants in the informal sector: unregistered capital outflow, lack of tax revenues to the state

the state budget, an increase in the crime situation - for the host country, the lack of social protection-for the immigrants themselves. B. L. Tatibekov spoke about the proposal to create an international social insurance system for migrants.

S. A. Antipin (St. Petersburg)GU of Trade Unions) in the report "Economic Strategy of the People's Republic of China", describing the success of the People's Republic of China in economic development, stressed that in terms of GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), China in 2014 caught up with the United States. China has occupied the niche of a leading manufacturer of high-tech products of mass demand.

I. P. Kotlyarov (Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation) in the report "China and the G20" noted that, despite the growth of GDP in PPP terms, the technological gap between China and the United States remains. The speaker stressed that the role of external factors in China's economic development should not be overstated: 95% of economic development financing comes from domestic sources and only 5% from external sources. On the one hand, China is engaged in a strategic dialogue with the United States, on the other hand, it supports the strengthening of the Group of 20 (G20) and a multipolar world.

L. L. Klochkovsky (Institute of Latin America, Russian Academy of Sciences) made a report on "Modern shifts in the alignment of the main world forces". In the 2000s, the role of developing countries in the global economy increased due to external economic factors and rising energy prices. In 2014, there was a sharp drop in commodity prices, the external economic conditions for developing countries changed for the worse, and their economic growth rates decreased. Industrialized countries are once again becoming the driving forces of the global economy. The United States, Western Europe, and Japan have made a technological breakthrough (updating the production apparatus, the shale revolution). The development of the transatlantic partnership with the United States may become a new impetus for the development of Western European countries.

G. P. Zhuravleva (PRUE) in her report "The specifics of the modern radically changing world" paid attention to such problems of the modern economy as the" raw materials curse", the excessive growth of unevenness in the distribution of income in the world.

S. V. Ivanova (PRUE) in her report "Problems of Russia's international integration from the perspective of geopolitical concepts" linked geopolitical approaches to the study of economic phenomena with the theories of globalization and the concept of open regionalism.

N. N. Tsvetkova (IB RAS) made a presentation on "Geopolitical risks and new actors in the global economy-TNCs from Eastern countries". She noted that geopolitical risks are becoming decisive for international economic relations, despite all the rhetoric of globalization and liberalization.

The structure of Russia's foreign trade is characterized by a hypertrophied value of one group of partners - the EU and one group of goods-oil, gas, and metals, which makes the economy vulnerable. As a result, Russia is now experiencing two shocks: one related to the introduction of sanctions, and the second due to lower oil prices. Even before the introduction of economic sanctions, Russia faced the task of diversifying its economy and the commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade, as well as increasing the share of non-European partners in it. Increasing the role of partners from Asia, Latin America, and Africa in foreign economic relations in these conditions is becoming an imperative for Russia.

An important trend since the 2000s has been the strengthening of the positions of new players in the global economy of TNCs and TNBS from Eastern countries. TNCs from Eastern countries can become partners of Russian companies. Among their features is a relatively high share of companies in the electronic and electrical industries, companies operating in the field of ICT. Among the TNCs of Eastern countries, there are many state-owned and semi-state companies. TNCs of some Eastern countries (India, the Republic of Korea) are an integral part of trade and industrial groups. Often, Asian TNCs are included in the global value chains of Western TNCs, act as their subcontractors, and produce products under contracts with them. It is likely that companies that work under contracts with American firms and depend on them are more likely to succumb to US pressure. Other TNCs from Eastern countries can take advantage of the current geopolitical situation and expand their positions in the Russian market.

I. V. Deryugina (IB RAS) in the report " World agriculture: are there risks of limited resources?" She noted that today agriculture is experiencing a triple load. This is the use of agricultural products, firstly, as food, secondly, as fodder for livestock, and, thirdly, as industrial raw materials. In the last decade, the use of agricultural raw materials for missile defense has particularly increased.-

production of biofuels. This triple load leads to an abrupt increase in prices. I. V. Deryugina described two main methods of production that exist in agriculture: labor-saving (it is widespread primarily in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Russia, and Kazakhstan) and land-saving (Asian and African countries). In 2012, 49.3% of the economically active population was employed in agriculture in Asia, 59.7% in China, 1.8% in Western Europe, and 1.5% in the United States.

V. V. Zyabrikov (Saint Petersburg State University) analyzed a systematic approach to the clustering process of national business cultures. The speaker identified various types of corporate culture, including meritocracy, autocracy and adhocracy (ad hoc, actions of special project teams, rather free organizational form)¹. He described the peculiarities of the corporate culture of the USA, Germany, Switzerland, on the one hand, and Russia and China, on the other.

Economic problems of the Eastern countries occupied an important place in the sections where reports of graduate students and students were heard. Among them are such issues as possible areas of cooperation between Russia and Malaysia in the context of geopolitical risks associated with economic sanctions (E. Zolotova, G. Podbiralina), geopolitical risks for Russian TNCs (S. Nechaev), investment activity of the Russian Federation in the context of sanctions (D. Mayakov), problems of deoffshorization of the Russian economy (E. KolosovaPrinciples of national economic security of the Russian Federation (N. Kindikova, All-PRUE), geopolitical strategies of the United States and China and economic relations at the beginning of the XXI century (M. Szeliga, Slovakia), current trends in the development of the banking system of Iran (A. Nasirbeik, Iran), the possibility of a competitor of the Asian Development Bank in the Asia-Pacific region (p. Chuvakhin, Vseros. acad. foreign trade).

Presentations at the sessions of the sections were devoted to such problems of Afro-Asian countries as the" overheating " of the Chinese economy. Klimkin, PRUE), the role of railway transport in the geopolitics of modern Mongolia (B. E. Tsolmon, Mongolia), the economic implications of the geopolitical strategies of some countries: China (A. V. Smetanina, PRUE), India (M. V. Lvova, PRUE), Vietnam (Nguyen Linh, Vietnam), Azerbaijan (F. Hasanova, Azerbaijan) Armenia (G. Galoyan, Armenia), as well as Peru (J. R. Sanchez, Spain), the doctrine of the new world order: Atlanticism and Eurasianism (T. A. Guliyeva, A. F. Rahimova, PRUE), geopolitical risks and challenges related to climate change (L. Schrade, Germany).

Based on the results of the conference, various approaches to geopolitical risks in the modern world economy were summarized and ways to overcome them were proposed.

list of literature

Minzbеrg Organization Model // http://www.valuеbasеdmanagеmеnt.net/mеthods_mintzberg_configurations, html (дата обращения: 15.12.2014).

¹ См.: Minzbеrg Organization Model // http://www.valuеbasedmanagеmеnt.net/mеthods_mintzberg_configura-tions.html

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