"Science moves not by academics alone, but by a collection of hundreds and thousands of individuals who stand outside the Academy, but are united by some force, some idea, internal and external." These words, written in 1923 by Academician V. M. Istrin, are true even now, when a book has been prepared for publication about the work of modest scientific workers who for a long time participated and are participating in the creation of an invaluable fund for the history of the Russian language - the Old Russian Dictionary Card File (KDRS).

Under this name, it gained worldwide fame. Over the past twenty years, its materials have been used to develop about five hundred scientific topics, not only on the history of language, but also on ethnography, the history of mathematics, physics, geography, medicine, law, literary studies and other issues related to the past of Russia. Scientists came from 89 cities of our country and from 16 states to work with the materials of the DRS File Cabinet. And 280 people participated in its creation! Everyone - from academics to students-has contributed to this great cause.

In 1925, academician A. I. Sobolevsky offered his 102,000 extracts from various Russian manuscripts of the XVI-XVII centuries (he worked with them in the archives of Moscow) to create a fund to continue the work of academicians I. I. Sreznevsky (author of Materials for the dictionary of the Old Russian language, published in three volumes in 1912) and A. Kh. Vostokov (author of the Dictionary of the Church Slavonic Language, published in two volumes in 1858-1861). In order to be able to make a dictionary of the language of Moscow Rus on the monuments of writing

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XV-XVII centuries - a time not yet reflected in Russian lexicography. A. I. Sobolevsky's extracts made it possible to start collecting material for compiling a dictionary of the Russian language based on sources of the XV-XVII centuries, which were also not reflected in lexicography.

It was conceived on a broad scale, and there were scientific forces for this purpose both inside and outside the Academy. But only in 1975 the first two volumes of the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the XI-XVII centuries (letters A - B) and the Index of Sources were published. What has happened in these 50 years? What prevented the plans of Academician A. I. Sobolevsky from being realized? What prevented the publication of the "Dictionary of the Old Russian Language of the XV-XVIII centuries", which Professor B. A. Larin wrote about in the "Project of the Old Russian Dictionary" in 1936? After all, in the "Project" for the first time in Russia, the theoretical foundations of the future dictionary were defined and put up for wide discussion. It was possible to avoid many mistakes, find the right path, and find suitable parameters for the dictionary being compiled. The dictionary was supposed to contain not only the interpretation of the corresponding word, but also provide a specific historical commentary, cover issues of history and material culture through the description of the word; in it, the compilers intended to give illustrations, since sometimes the appearance of the thing denoted by the word is the best interpretation of it. The dictionary was supposed to be compiled from 8 volumes of 100 printed sheets each and published in full in 1945. The file cabinet had to be increased to 1 million extracts - in 1934 there were just over 145 thousand of them.

There were many reasons, many events, both objective and subjective, that prevented the implementation of the good intentions of scientists.

Such documents as the Diary of classes of DRS employees and the Notebook of incoming materials to the file cabinet, which were kept by B. A. Larin, have been preserved. In the Diary, the pulse of life and work of the gradually formed DRS team beats. You can see how the working conditions became tougher over time: department heads had to write memos about latecomers, and because of the termination of funding and the dismissal of all freelancers (only the secretary of the "Commission for Collecting Materials on the Old Russian Language" B. A. Larin remained in the state) employees were curtailed from adding to the file cabinet. Work on the Old Russian dictionary stopped, and in 1938 it was necessary to start a "short historical dictionary" of an educational nature. The chronological framework of the dictionary has changed many times - and much, much more...

In the Notebook of incoming materials, which was kept until August 17, 1941, it was recorded who, when, from which monument, handwritten or published, how many cards he handed over to the DRS File Cabinet and how many rubles and kopecks he received for it. It was easy to count: they received 10 kopecks per card. Only later occurred

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differentiation in payment: for quotations from translated handwritten monuments located in library collections, and even with Greek parallel extracts from the originals, they could pay up to 55 kopecks per card.

The notebook of receipts to some extent allows us to answer the question: whose card is this, who is the author of the foundation for the history of the Russian language, from which you can draw and draw for many years to come: after all, the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the XI-XVII centuries (hereinafter referred to as the Dictionary of the XI - XVII centuries) a quarter of the accumulated material. The fates of scientists are closely intertwined with the fate of Russia. So, students who graduated from the Herzen Pedagogical Institute in 1941, who handed over several thousand cards, went to the front - and their destinies were lost on the roads of war.

And about Vasily Maksimovich Veryuzhsky in the Notebook of receipts there is not a single entry. He worked in secret, such was the situation in the country at that time. Professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, which was part of the Slavic Commission, V. M. Veryuzhsky worked with the Russian Bible compiled at the court of Archbishop Gennady of Novgorod in 1499. He gave parallel excerpts from the Greek text on the cards.

Only by handwriting identified Stella Feodorovna Gekker, an employee of the DRS Group, who formed an Index of File sources, whose extracts are. Apparently, the work was given to him by Fyodor Ivanovich Pokrovsky, who also worked with the text of Genn. Bibles. Most likely, at that time this was the only means of livelihood of Professor V. M. Veryuzhsky: he made a lot of cards, wrote out quotes for almost every word. In the Notebook of receipts, it is written that only F. I. Pokrovsky handed over extracts from the Bible. It is a pity that it was not possible to find descendants - the sons of F. I. Pokrovsky, and his daughter Vera Fyodorovna, a well-known bibliographer, died several years ago. Perhaps they would tell a lot of unexpected and important things.

Zoya Nikolaevna Savelyeva, the daughter of Nikolai Vasilyevich Timofeev, an employee of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of History, was attracted by her father to paint the most difficult cursive monuments of the XVII century. Subsequently, she participated in the publication of the manuscripts of the first Russian historian Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. And her daughter, Elena Alekseyevna Savelyeva, is an employee of the Rare Book Department of the Academy of Sciences Library in St. Petersburg. Three generations are working for the benefit of language science!

The history of creating a file cabinet for compiling a Dictionary of the Old Russian language, as we have already said, dates back to 1925, when Academician A. I. Sobolevsky led the work on its creation. Since the same 20s, the history of creating the Source Index begins. At the same time, A. I. Sobolevsky and M. N. Speransky began work on determining the range of sources for the card file and, in the future, for the dictionary of the Old Russian language, from which it was assumed that

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write out citations (data on the history of the DRS Card File and Dictionary are drawn from the article by O. I. Smirnova " Card file of the Old Russian Dictionary (DRS) / / Linguistic Sources. Funds of the Institute of the Russian Language, Moscow, 1967). "Major specialists - historians, archivists, literary critics-took part in the work on determining the range of sources, in selecting citations from them for the DRS File, as well as in discussing the program of the historical dictionary" (Index of sources (gray) 1975 Compiled by: S. F. Gekker; supplemented: S. P. Mordovina and G. Ya. Romanova). Scientists of this level are unlikely to be able to unite in the near future to create such a file cabinet. Since by that time I. I. Sreznevsky's "Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language" had already been fully published, in which the main attention was paid to the vocabulary of written monuments of the XI-XIV centuries, it was initially decided to focus mainly on the vocabulary of monuments of the XV-XVII centuries.

In 1934, after A.I. Sobolevsky and M. N. Speransky, the management of the Old Russian dictionary group was entrusted to B. A. Larin. By the time the dictionary was compiled, B. A. Larin expected to have worked through several thousand sources dating back to the 15th and early 19th centuries. The first printed list of sources was published in the book by B. A. Larin "Project of the Old Russian Dictionary. Principles, instructions, sources" (M.-L., 1936). By the beginning of 1936, about 700 springs had been painted. The list of sources for the work for the years 1936-37 contains the overwhelming majority of late materials: XVII-early XVIII centuries. This is the "Military Article with a brief interpretation" (St. Petersburg, 1715), and "The Story of the Knight Hendrik and the Pre-eminent Melenda" (rukop. BAN 19.2.38), " Detailed and true stories of two swindlers, Roly Cain and Cartouche "(St. Petersburg, 1793)," Notes of V. A. Nashchokin"," Materials on the history of the split", published by N. Subbotin. The work plan also includes a selection from the so-called background literature-from fairy tales, works by Russian writers (V. K. Trediakovsky. Riding to the island of love), works of folklore (Russian songs collected by Rybnikov, Collection of Russian songs-BAN 17.16.37), dialect dictionaries. Not all of the sources in the plan of prospective works were written for the file cabinet.

SLRYA of the XI-XVII centuries was originally conceived as a popular scientific reference publication in three volumes (with a total volume of 450 a.l.) under the title Small Old Russian Dictionary (MDRS). Work on it began in 1963. By the end of the author's work on vol. 1 "A-Z" (180 a. l.), it became clear that the dictionary would not be able to reflect the main advantage of the card file-the richness of the dictionary with the rigidity of many rules for selecting vocabulary" (Bogatova G. A., Chernysheva M. I. On the organization of additions to the Dictionary of the Russian language XITeoriya i praktika russkoi istoricheskoi leksikografii [Theory and Practice of Russian Historical Lexicography].

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Later, at the time when the first trial version of the Small Old Russian Dictionary was being conceived, B. A. Larin and S. F. Gekker worked on the creation of the Index.

A dictionary is compiled on the basis of the card file, which does not contain (with some exceptions) monuments of the beginning of the XVIII century, but the list of its sources is supplemented by recently published monuments of writing (in turn, not represented in the CDR). All of them are present in the Source Index.

On the basis of the compiled Index, its first publication was carried out (1975), which was published simultaneously with the 1st issue of the Dictionary. The second and third editions were intended only for compilers of the Dictionary and visitors to the DRS File Cabinet and did not reach a wide range of specialists. However, since they reflect a huge amount of work with specific monuments, they are still worth stopping at. The second edition was published simultaneously with the 1st edition of the Dictionary as a manuscript in a very small print run. Its body was made up of the same monuments as in the published Index. A significant difference is the inclusion of abbreviations in the publication material that are contained in the File and differ from the abbreviations used in the Dictionary. This is also preserved in the Index of 1984, which belongs to the same authors-compilers: S. F. Gekker, G. Ya. Romanova, S. P. Mordovina. The third edition is taken in connection with the " ongoing... work on updating the Dictionary's documentary database and updating old bibliographic descriptions of its sources" (Ibid.). This work has become particularly relevant in connection with the publication of the following books: "Consolidated catalog of Slavic-Russian books stored in the USSR", "Parchment manuscripts of the Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences: Description of Russian and Slavic manuscripts of the XI - XIII centuries".

One of the sources of rumours of the XI-XVII centuries is "Materials for the dictionary of the Old Russian language" by I. I. Sreznevsky, in which abbreviated names of sources differ from those accepted in the Dictionary. In the course of the work, the authors of dictionary entries, selecting illustrative (citation) material, according to the accepted rules, specify quotations from Sreznevsky's "Materials" according to more modern editions of sources or manuscripts.

In 1998, preparations for the publication of a new Index began, and first of all, all bibliographic data from published and handwritten sources were clarified and rechecked. The ciphers were also unified, if possible, in such a way as not to violate the tradition established in the publication of the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the XI - XVII centuries. The new Pointer is significantly larger than all the previous ones. How did this happen?

Additions to the Index accumulated by the compilers in the course of their work were regularly published in every fifth issue of the Dictionary. New

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the publication includes all the additions - and this is about 60 written monuments.

An important point in the Index is that it contains enough original texts to date. Many of them are given for the first time. The information about Greek and Latin originals collected in the Index is the result of many years of research by employees of the Department of Historical Lexicology and Lexicography of the V. V. Vinogradov Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The results of the work carried out were most clearly reflected in the complex monuments: the Great Minei Chetii, the Minei Chetya for February and the Yardstick of the Righteous. These monuments contain many translated sources. The work on finding Greek and Latin originals is constantly carried out in the department, and the result of it (it should be noted, quite impressive) is presented in the new edition of the Index.

An important point is that a database has been created based on the new Pointer. The most relevant fields for working with the source were formed: "Author", "Researcher-publisher". "Original language", "Date", "Storage location". By making appropriate queries against this database, the researcher will be able to get the necessary information. For example, from the entire mass of sources, you can choose only handwritten or translated sources to which the originals were found. You can choose monuments of a certain period, or written by one or another author, published by some researcher. With a combination of queries, you can select even more detailed sources: for example, you can select handwritten sources that relate to a specific period. There are many options.

It is possible that the new Index will be supplemented with some additions in the future, but now, in the year of the 25th anniversary of the Dictionary's publication, when 25 issues out of the estimated 35 were published, they are unlikely to be so extensive.

The new edition of the Index, accompanied by a database, is the most complete index of sources of the XI-early XVIII centuries, so it can be considered not only as a reference publication to the Dictionary, but also as an independent work, which is a necessary guide for a wide range of specialists in the field of the history of the Russian language, culture, history, literature, etc. It can also be recommended to anyone who is interested in the history of the Fatherland.

We would like to inform our readers that the new Index is published in a book that tells in detail about the history of the creation of the DRS File Cabinet: "The history of the Old Russian handwritten file cabinet. Author's list, Index of sources". This book consists of three large, equally important, independent parts. The first section traces the history of a handwritten File cabinet containing extracts from handwritten and printed documents.

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works of Russian writing from the XI century to the beginning of the XVIII. It was created more than one decade. For her, many people painted quotes from monuments of writing on cards: scientists, graduate students, as well as people whose fate in the future was not connected with philology. The second part of the book, "Biobibliographical Dictionary", is dedicated to the authors of the Card File, where an attempt was made to show the contribution of everyone who worked on the creation of the DRS Card File.

The biobibliographical dictionary is based on archival materials, letters and oral stories of the living creators of the DRS File System, some of whom became famous scientists, university teachers, others remained modest school teachers, and already retired. Some of them were even too shy to send their photos: why write about me? What have I done wrong? And you have made it possible for the current generation of linguists to finally start creating a fundamental academic work-a Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries and have already brought it to the beginning of the letter C. Recall: "Dictionary of the Russian Language", started by Academician Ya. K. Grot and continued by Academician A. A. Shakhmatov, stopped at the word " ReverseThe dictionary of the XI-XVII centuries is intended to be created and published during the lifetime of one generation!

So V. M. Istrin was right when he said that science is done not only by academicians. Often, the foundation for big works is laid for decades by modest scientists, who sometimes do not even suspect what important work they are doing and what achievements they are paving the way for. This book is about them.

The last part of this book is devoted to the Index of sources of the DRS Card File and the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the XI-XVII centuries. It is small in volume (approx. 15 a. l.), but covers more than 3,500 names of handwritten and printed monuments from the XI to the beginning of the XVIII centuries and is a list of source codes in alphabetical order of abbreviations, with a detailed bibliographic description of published and indicating the place of storage of handwritten monuments of writing. At various times, they were painted and formed the body of the handwritten card file of the DRS, currently stored at the V. V. Vinogradov Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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