Introduction

In the V - VIII centuries AD, a unique artistic tradition of bronze casting, called "Ural-Siberian animal style", developed in the north of the forest-steppe zone and in the south of the taiga of the Urals and Western Siberia. The attention of researchers to the study of this phenomenon has been focused for more than 100 years. During this period, extensive material has been accumulated, stylistic features and semantics of objects made in the Ural-Siberian style have been studied in detail. Specialists who studied items of the Ural-Siberian animal style, as a rule, considered the features of manufacturing technology; a detailed technological analysis was carried out for a relatively small group of products.

Among the bronze cast products made in the Ural-Siberian animal style, hollow images of real and fantastic animals occupy a special place. Widespread over a wide territory, such objects are also found in the materials of the Verkhneobskaya culture of the Novosibirsk Ob region (Fig.

The purpose of this publication is stylistic and technological analysis of bronze objects of hollow art casting of the Verkhneobskaya culture of the Novosibirsk Ob region.

Stylistic analysis of hollow casting objects

Currently, seven bronze figures of this category are known. Stylistically, they are divided into three groups: syncretic images that are difficult to identify with any particular type of animal, figurines of real animals, and complex zoomorphic compositions. The first group includes three pendants that represent collective, syncretic images (Fig. 2, 1-3). The second group includes images of real animals: two pendants in the form of beavers and a pronizka in the form of squirrels (Figs. 2, 5-7). The third group is represented by one complex composition (Figs. 2, 4).

Syncretic images of animals. Pendant made of mounds. 21 burial grounds of Ordynskoe-1 (see Figs. 2, 1), published by [Molodin, 1992, Fig. 143; Troitskaya and Novikov, 1998, Fig. 19, 2]. The product is broken into two parts; there is no part of the back and back of the head, where there could be a loop or a hole for hanging. The security is good. An animal is depicted standing on a strip decorated with edging made of rectangular bulges. The same edging is available along the hind leg and back. The ears are rounded, the muzzle has a long bird's beak, which extends beyond the stand on the right side of the product, and is covered by it on the left. The eyes are rounded and the tail is long. E. A. Tutov interprets the figurine as a stylized image of a bear [1989, p. 70].V. I. Molodin believes that this is a collective image; it combines the features of an animal and a bird [1992, p. 143]. Indeed, it has a pointed beak, ears and a long tail in common with the bird, and a body and four legs with the beast. The mound's inventory dates the pendant to the 6th-7th centuries AD.

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Fig. 1. Map-layout of monuments with objects of hollow art casting of the Verkhneobskaya culture of the Novosibirsk Ob region.

3. A hollow zoomorphic figure. Pendant. The village of Vyuny. A - a strip of metal formed in the channel-feeder of the mold; B-signs of cutting the plastic material of the model; C-shifted fragments of the model mass that have passed to the casting in the form of small protrusions; D - metal fill; E - tide of a part of the product; E - welding seam formed during the repair of the product.

2. Bronze images of animals from the Novosibirsk Ob region. 1-Ordynskoe-1, Kurgan. 21; 2-Staro-Bibeevo-6 (accidental discovery); 3-e. Bindweed (random discovery); 4-High Borok, mound. 13; 5, 6-Staro-Bibeevo-6 (random finds); 7-Krasny Yar-1, mound 17/18.

The second syncretic figure was found in a cliff on the territory of the Staro-Bibeevo-6 burial ground in the Bolotninsky district of the Novosibirsk region (see Figs. The upper part of the figurine is covered with a layer of loose patina, which probably overlaps the device for hanging on the back. The product looks the same on both sides. The animal is located on a strip covered with an edging of rectangular bulges. The same edging emphasizes the hind legs. Muzzle with half-open beak, small eye, long tail, powerful, three-toed feet. The head and tail clearly belong to a bird, the legs and torso to an animal. The article, as well as other materials of the burial ground, can be dated to the VI-VII centuries AD (Troitskaya and Elagin, 1995).

The third pendant is an accidental find near the village of Vyuna, Kolyvansky district, Novosibirsk region (Fig. 3), published by [Troitskaya and Novikov, 1998, Fig. 19, 1]. Its preservation is good. In the upper part of the back there is a through hole through which a thread or strap was stretched for hanging.

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Both sides of the suspension are identical. The animal has an elongated body, four thin legs with three fingers. The long tail turns into a stand on which the figure stands. The head is elongated, but without a sharp beak. The ears are small, the eyes oval, convex. An elongated nostril is clearly visible on the muzzle. A narrow smooth edging separates the front of the body from the neck and runs along the back. The figurine is difficult to identify with any animal. With the image of a bird, it may be associated with specially highlighted nostrils and a long tail. The closest analogs are a bronze figurine from the Kama region, which is dated by V. A. Oborin to the VII-VIII centuries AD [1976, fig. 23, b], and an image of an animal from the Aksenov mounds of the Ust-Ishim culture in the Irtysh region [Mogilnikov, 1987, Fig. 82, 24].

All three described figures have the features of a bird and a bear. It can be assumed that they are the image of the spirit known among the Selkups under the name of Shelab. This is the subject of an article by G. I. Pelikh [1992, pp. 77-91]. In Shelab, the features of a bear, a bird, and an invisible spirit are fused.

Realistic animal images. Figures of beavers were found in the crumbling burial of the Staro-Bibeevo-6 burial mound located on the right bank of the Ob River in the north of the Novosibirsk region, published in [Troitskaya and Shishkin, 2000, pp. 205-207]. Both figures served as pendants (there are holes on the backs of animals) and were in the same grave. According to N. V. Polosmak and E. V. Shumakova, only images of beavers are found in pairs among bronze objects in Western Siberia [1991, p. 44]. The images we post confirm this observation.

One beaver figurine is perfectly preserved (see Figures 2, 5). It is covered with a patina that allows you to see all the details of the ornament. Both sides of the suspension are identical. The legs, the base of the neck and the back of the animal are bordered by two parallel edges consisting of rounded protuberances. Edging from the back is lowered to the tail of the beaver. The animal's muzzle is blunt, typical of a beaver. The eyes and small ears are shown in relief. The legs end in five-toed feet. The tail characteristic of this animal is long and wide.

The second, larger figure is poorly preserved. The entire right side, upper back, head and forelegs of the product are covered with a layer of loose patina that hides the ornament (see Fig. 2, b). The legs and the base of the body of the beaver are contoured with an edging of rounded protuberances. The entire body is covered with continuous rows of wavy lines, apparently imitating the animal's fur. The five-toed feet were connected by a strip of metal; it is currently missing. A narrow convex line runs along the center of the tail, imitating a real skin fold. According to finds from other burial mounds, the figure can be dated to the VI-VII centuries AD (Troitskaya and Elagin, 1995, pp. 199-207). Similar products are known in the Kama region (Oborin, 1976, Fig. 21, a), and in the materials of the VI - VII centuries AD Potchevash culture of the Irtysh region (Finno-Ugric..., 1987, Tables LXXVIII, 52). Similar to them are figures from the Timiryazev burial grounds of the Tomsk Ob region (Belikova and Pletneva, 1983, Fig. 53, 12; 68, 5]. Single items of this type were found in the Vaganovo-1 burial ground in the Kuznetsk Basin as part of a complex dated by A. S. Vasyutin not earlier than the middle of the 8th century AD [1996, p. 44 - 46, fig. 50].

The third realistic image of the animal is a squirrel figure cutout (see Figures 2, 7). It was found in the mound mound 17/18 of the Krasny Yar-1 burial ground, published [Troitskaya and Novikov, 1998, Figures 19, 8]. The animal is depicted standing. Both sides of the product are identical. The long tail is shown with herringbone-shaped strokes, indicating, apparently, the fur of the animal. Its paws are connected by a narrow strip of metal. The ears are long, the eyes oval, convex. The upper and lower parts of the figure pass into a tube-permeate. Similar penetrations, but only with the image of birds, are widely distributed in the Kama region and date back to the 7th-8th centuries AD [Goldina, Koroleva, Makarov, 1980, Tables 1, 7, 12; et al.].

A complex zoomorphic composition with the participation of several characters is represented by a single object found in mound 13 of the Vysoky Borok burial ground in the Kolyvansky district of the Novosibirsk region (see Figs. 2, 4). The product is a sculptural pommel of the knife handle, which conveys the scene of the moose's head being torn by a bird of prey, published [Troitskaya and Novikov, 1998, fig. 19, 7]. All characters are shown in the profile. The sharp, slightly curved beak of the bird is particularly emphasized. The plumage of the wings is shown by several rows of edging from small ovals. Rows of the same edges are also available on the outside of the sleeve. The pommel sleeve is not closed on the reverse side. Items depicting various variations of the torment scene are known from materials from Western Siberia and the Kama region (Chindina, 1977, Figures 35, 16, 18; 1981, pp. 144-147; 1991, p. 59; Oborin and Chagin, 1988, Figures 42). The scene itself has some features in common with a number of images of Scythian-Siberian art and is probably a reminiscence of scenes from the early Iron Age.

Technological analysis of hollow figures

The considered products can be characterized as hollow castings made in multi-part foundries-

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in various shapes with the use of core rods. A number of technological features allow us to divide these items into three groups: 1) five hollow suspensions in the form of real and syncretic animals (see Figs. 2, 1-3, 5, b); 2) pommels of the knife handle with a complex zoomorphic composition (see figs. 2, 4): 3) piercing in the form of a squirrel (see Figs. 2, 7).

Hollow pendants in the form of real and syncretic animals (see Fig. 2, 1 - 3, 5, 6; 3 - 5). They are made in almost the same way, so we will focus in detail only on the analysis of beaver figurines from the scree of the Staro-Bibeevo-6 burial ground. The dimensions of the smaller figure are 3.74 x 2.3 cm, and the wall thickness of the casting is approximately the same in different parts - 0.26 cm (see Fig. 4). The product is well preserved. The dimensions of the larger figure are 4.7 x 3.38 cm, the width at the base is 2.43 cm, and the wall thickness of the casting is 0.28 cm (see Fig. 5). The wall thickness of this figure reaches 0.46 cm. Unfortunately, most of the figurine is covered with a rough, coarse-grained patina, which greatly complicates the analysis of the product, but the surviving part allows you to completely reconstruct the technological process of its manufacture.

Both items are made in three-part casting molds, consisting of two flaps and a core rod designed to form a casting cavity. This is supported by the foundry seams preserved along the contour of the products (see Fig. 4, D, W; 5, C, W, H), and the remains of the base of the sprues (see Fig. 4, A; 5, E). In the lower part of the castings, the thickness of the casting joints reaches 1.5 mm, which is probably due to the natural shrinkage of the core during drying. In some cases, linear shrinkage of the core rod caused unintended gaps between the walls and the core of the mold. When pouring, these gaps were filled with metal; in the technical literature, such defects were called " bays "(defect N 1111) [Atlas..., 1958, p. 41] (see Figs. 3, D; 5, I, M). The foundry seams on the back of the figures are small ridge-shaped protrusions with a wide base and a narrow vertex. They have a symmetrical curvature on the front and back sides of the casting (see Fig. 4, D). This shape and location of the foundry seams, combined with traces of model molding, indicate that the model was cut together with the mold during the molding process (Figs. 6, 2). Since the products are miniature, and their surface is richly decorated with small decorative elements, it is appropriate to assume-

4. Hollow figure of a beaver. Pendant. Staro-Bibeevo-6. A - the base of the gate; B, E-traces of drawing a plastic model; C, D, G - foundry seams; E-signs of modeling the plastic material of the model; 3 - an imprint of the core-rod structure.

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5. Hollow figure of a beaver. Pendant. Staro-Bibeevo-6. A - signs of metal strip removal; B - hole in the upper part of the casting; C, F, H - casting seams; D, 3-signs of drawing the plastic material of the model; E - fragment of the gate; E - underflow due to the appearance of an air bubble; I, M-metal bays; K - signs of clipping the model; L-prints of the core rod structure.

Fig. 6. Stages of making a hollow beaver figurine. 1 - production of the model (A-cylindrical projection; B - sculpture in the form of an animal); 2 - production of a split mold by cutting the model together with the molding mass; 3 - production of a wax gasket (A-mold leaf; B - wax layer); 4-production of the core rod by stuffing; 5-diagram foundry mold ready for metal casting (A-gating funnel; B - gating riser; C-core rod; D - working chamber of the foundry mold; E - mold leaf).

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It can be assumed that for the production of models, compositions were used that are more plastic than wax in its "pure" form. In the history of non-ferrous metalworking, the use of multicomponent model compositions based on wax is widely known [Rubtsov, Balabin, Vorobyov, 1959, pp. 266-267]. The formulation of the model composition could be simple. It was experimentally proved that the introduction of up to 10% of animal fat into molten wax significantly changes the properties of the model mass. By reducing the melting point, the ductility of the composition is significantly increased, which allows even in the cold state to process the model in any way, while maintaining the clarity of small decorative elements.

All decorative elements of the object, including the edging of small roundness, are made using the same technology by modeling, trimming and drawing a plastic model. The main tools of model molding, apparently, were a knife with a cutting edge up to 0.9 mm wide and a stick with a rounded end up to 1.2 mm wide. When working with a knife, operations were performed mainly with its non-sharpened reverse side, which allowed drawing wider lines (see Fig. 5, 3). If necessary, the lines made with the knife were corrected with a stick, so that the mortise ornament was smoothed (see Fig.4, B). The manual nature of the model molding is indicated by the "trembling" of the relief lines, as well as the uneven depth of the mortise ornament (see Fig. 5, D). The peculiarity of the model molding of most hollow castings is that the manufactured matrices initially had no cavities and were monolithic sculptures (see Figs. 6, 1). Structurally, the sculptures represented the actual figure of the animal (Fig. 6, 1, B) and also a cylindrical projection made of model material, monolithically connected to the figure in the area of the animal's paws (Fig. 6, 1, A). This design of the model made it possible to create a small protrusion of the mold walls during the molding process for rigid fixation of the core rod. This reconstruction of the method is supported by the location of the casting seams in the area of the paws of the beaver figures (see Figs.

The surface of the sculpture was decorated with small decorative elements. Methods for making such an ornament have already been partially considered [Troitskaya and Ovcharenko, 2002, p. 111-111]; here we note that after manufacturing the model, the model was heated to firmly fasten individual small elements (edging), as well as to remove fragments of chips from the surface of the model. Modeling of this process showed that small fragments of chips easily melted, partially filling the inset ornament of the model, and were preserved in the casting in the form of jumpers interrupting the lines of the ornament; similar traces can be found on the surface of almost all the studied products (see Fig. 3, C; 7, D, 3). This defect should be classified as a model defect; it determines the asymmetry of the outlines of fragments of model material.

After manufacturing, the model was covered with molding mass and cut along the axis (see Fig. 6, 2). The movement of the cutter from the lower to the upper part of the model led to a violation of the still plastic mold, which appeared on the casting in the form of a wide ridge-shaped casting seam (see Fig. 4, C, D; 5, C, G). This method of forming had significant advantages-it provided an exact match of the mold flaps without using sub-model plates and without complex marking. At this stage, the gating system (gating riser and gating funnel) could also be performed by pruning in the leaves of the mold. After drying, the mold may have been fired; the model was melted. The finished mold flaps were assembled and filled with molten model mass (see Figs. 6, 3). The hot model mass formed a layer of plastic mass - a wax pad-when in contact with the cold inner surface of the mold (see Fig. 6, 3, B); excess model mass was poured out. This method of manufacturing is supported by the uniform thickness of the casting; a slight thickening of the wall in the tail area of one of the figures is probably due to additional manual molding of the inner part of the model (see Fig. 4, G). Next, we started manufacturing the core. To do this, the resulting cavity was filled with a molding mass (see Figs. 6, 4). Judging by the impressions on the inner surface of all the castings studied, the molding mass included a large amount of coarse - grained (fraction sizes 0.2-0.3 mm) sand (see Figs. 4, 3; 5, L; 7, O). The use of this composition prevented the appearance of casting defects and facilitated the removal of the core rod. After drying the core rod and removing the remaining plastic material, the mold could be used for casting metal (see Figs. 6, 5).

A similar technique for making casting molds was known in the Early Iron Age in Western Siberia and Tuva [Minasyan, 2004, p. 40; Rudenko, 1962, p. 26], as well as in the Middle Ages in the Kama region [Minasyan, 1995, p.126].

Metal casting could be carried out by two main methods: from above through the casting channel or by a combined method, in which the melt, entering the working chamber of the mold from above through the casting channel, filled the removed parts of the casting from below in a "siphon" way through feeder channels. Using a simple gating system for

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Fig. 7. Knife pommels. A complex zoomorphic composition. High Borok, kurg. 13. A - front side; B - reverse side; C-casting seam; D-traces of cutting the model; E, 3 - fragments of the model mass that passed to casting in the form of small protrusions; E, K - traces of working with a tool with a rounded working edge on the plastic material of the model; G - place of entry of the tool; I - signs of carving on a plastic model with a sharp tool (knife?); L-traces of damage to the ornament on the surface of the model; M - signs of modeling plastic material; H, O-prints of the structure of the molding material.

Fig. 8. Hollow figure of a squirrel. Permeation.

Krasny Yar-1, mound 17/18. A - a strip of metal formed in the feed channel of the mold; B - shrinkage shells on the casting surface; C-signs of drawing the plastic material of the model; D, 3-casting seams; E-a trace of processing the plastic model with a tool with a sub-rectangular working edge; E-under-watering due to the appearance of an air bubble; G-traces of cracking of the casting.

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the production of a complex casting configuration is rare, it is recorded only for one figure of a beaver from Staro-Bibeevo-6 and the pommel of a knife from a High Bork (see Figs. 4, 7). Signs of using the combined casting method can be observed on all the remaining objects in the form of metal strips of various widths and shapes connecting the removed parts of the casting (see Fig. 2, 1, 2; 3, A; 8, A), or traces of deleting this element (Fig. 5, A).

In the bronze casting industry, these two methods were widely used by the carriers of the Verkhneobskaya culture for the production of not only hollow castings, but also flat castings [Troitskaya and Durakov, 1995, pp. 29-31]. In addition to the feeder channels, the nature of the used gating system can be indicated by small fragments of gating located on both figures from Staro-Bibeevo-6 (see Figs. 4, A; 5, E). At the base, the sprues are almond-shaped and measure 3 x 8.5 mm. Almond-shaped cross-section gating risers belong to the slotted (throttle) types of gating systems. The almond-shaped cross-section of the sprues prevented the formation of swirls of liquid metal during casting, which, in turn, prevented metal erosion of the mold cavity [Dmitrovich, 1989, p. 81]. But, despite all the positive structural elements, the gating system in some cases could not ensure the removal of gases from the working chamber of the mold. Probably, this was the reason for the appearance of a defect in one of the beaver figures in the form of a round-shaped through hole with a diameter of up to 4 mm. In the technical literature, this defect is called "air bubble" (defect N 2130) [Atlas..., 1958, pp. 80-83] (see Fig. 5, E). Similar defects can be observed on two more castings of the analyzed series (see Fig. 3, E; 8, E). The defect of one of the items was successfully eliminated by the tidal method, which is clearly detected by the presence of a welding seam (see Fig. 3, E). This method was known as early as the Bronze Age of Siberia, and was also used in the Early Iron Age [Durakov and Mylnikova, 2004, p. 107-108; Minasyan, 1986, p. 66-67], but as a full-fledged technological operation for making an object. In our case, the flood was performed only for the purpose of repairing the casting.

The final stage of making the item was its excavation and secondary refinement. After the casting was removed, the mold flaps could be reused, while the core core was inevitably destroyed when the casting cavity was released. The secondary refinement procedure could include the removal of the sprue and feeder channels. Most likely, the spigot was first cut deep at the base, broken off, and then its surface was finished with an abrasive (see Fig. 4, A; 5, E).

The pommel of a knife handle with a complex zoomorphic composition (see Fig. 7) is represented by a single sample. The sleeve of the object is not open, on the reverse side it has four small lugs for fastening (see Fig. 7, B). The object is made using a plastic model in a three-part casting mold consisting of two flaps and a core.

Model molding took place in two stages. At the first stage, the front side of the model was formed. To do this, the contour of the future product and its decorative elements were formed from a single piece of plastic mass using modeling and pruning. Most of the decorative elements are drawn with a tool with a working edge 0.3 mm wide. For modeling and drawing, a stick with a rounded working edge was also used. Signs of the use of this tool are clearly recorded in the recesses of the casting (see Fig. 7, E). During the manufacturing process, the model was slightly damaged (see Fig. 7, L). Then a molding mass was applied to the finished model. The molding process probably took place using a sub - model plate-there are smooth, almost imperceptible casting seams along the outer contour of the product. After drying, the flaps with the front side of the model began the second stage of molding: first, the models were removed, and the resulting cavity was filled with a liquid model mass. This is supported by the uniform thickness of the casting and the repetition on the reverse side in the negative of the relief elements of the front side of the product. Then the cavity on the back side of the model was filled with a molding mass with a high content of coarse sand (see Fig. 7, O). After forming, the core edges were cut at an angle; after drying, a tape from the model mass was stuck along its contour. As a result, the edge of the casting retained the impressions of the joint of the model mass and traces of its molding (see Fig. 7, M). For the manufacture of the second leaf, a layer of molding mass was superimposed, which, judging by the prints, was close to the core (see Fig. 7, H, O). The core had a complex configuration, therefore, after the casting was made, it was destroyed; otherwise, it was impossible to free the pommel cavity.

A special study that would allow us to draw a conclusion about the nature of the alloy used to make the pommel was not conducted, but an analysis of the color of the product can provide some information. The first significant changes in the alloy color occur only after the introduction of 8% of alloying components; an object from the Vysoky Borok burial ground, judging by the silver color of the surface, probably contains at least 30% of alloying components [Magnitsky and Pirainen, 1996, p. 66].

Squirrel-like penetration (see Fig. 8) is characterized by a complex manufacturing technology. Product Model

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it was performed in several stages. Initially, a core rod was made from the molding mass in the form of a squirrel's body, after drying it was plastered with wax or a plastic composition based on wax. The thickness of the model in its different parts was not the same, which caused uneven solidification of the casting and the appearance of open shrinkage shells (defect N 2210) [Atlas..., 1958, pp. 98-102] (see Fig. 8, B). Then, the squirrel's tail was made separately from plastic material and stuck to the rest of the model. Traces of the junction of the model material and the soldering of elements with a hot tool can be clearly traced at the hind leg of the squirrel. Apparently, after that, a cylindrical sleeve was made on a specially made core rod made of model material, which was fixed by sewing in the upper part of the squirrel's tail. The cavity inside the tail was filled with molding mass, which formed the third core. The finished model was decorated (see Fig. 8, C, E), and then plastered with a plastic clay mass, as indicated by numerous foundry seams formed at the joints of the mold flaps and core rods (see Fig. 8, D, 3). The sprue riser was located in the lower part of the product - a small fragment of the sprue left after its removal is visible. This arrangement made it possible to fill the working chamber of the mold in three directions at once. Nevertheless, due to the uneven solidification of the casting, as well as the accompanying internal stress of the metal, the product cracked (defects N 3221, 3223) [Atlas..., 1958, pp. 131-139, 145-148] (see Fig.
Thus, a set consisting of three cores was used to make the hollow squirrel figurine. One of them formed a cavity in the body of the squirrel, the second-a cavity in the pronizi, the third-a separate cavity in the tail. As in the previous cases, after the casting was made, the core rods were destroyed.

Conclusions

Stylistic analysis shows that all the material under consideration corresponds to the Ural-Siberian animal style of the forest and forest-steppe zone of the Urals and Western Siberia in the middle of the first millennium AD. Many hollow figures are decorated with edging strips characteristic of this style and have numerous analogues among the materials of the early Middle Ages of the Urals and Western Siberia.

As the technological analysis shows, the main part of products made by hollow bulk casting methods using core rods finds analogues in the environment of Ural-West Siberian metalplastics. In the technology of manufacturing molds, there are several options. The most common method is forming according to the cut model, which was used to make figures of beavers and syncretic creatures. In some cases, molding using a sub-model plate (the pommel of a knife handle from the Vysoky Borok burial ground) could be used. In addition, molding using a plastic model on a core rod and forming the core with stuffing (a squirrel figurine from mound 17/18 of the Krasny Yar-1 burial ground) could be used simultaneously.

In the manufacture of hollow objects of the Verkhneobskaya culture, two main types of gate systems are distinguished. The vertical system consisted of a gating funnel and a gating riser. At the same time, the melt entered the mold cavity by free fall from above. The combined system consisted of a gating riser and a system of feeder channels; it was designed to fill the main cavity of the mold from above and its individual parts through the feeder channels from below by the" siphon " method. For all the analyzed products, the secondary refinement consisted in removing the casting riser, and in some cases, the feeder channels. The stage of secondary refinement can also include repair operations performed by the tidal method and aimed at eliminating such large defects as air bubbles.

In general, the analyzed group of products demonstrates a high level of development of bronze casting production; the design features of casting molds in most cases indicate the mass production of castings.

List of literature

Atlas of foundry defects. Defects of castings from ductile iron, steel and alloys of non-ferrous metals. - Moscow: Center, Bureau of Science. - tech. there is no information available. mashinostroeniya Publ., 1958, vol. 2, 228 p.

Pletneva L. M. Belikova O. B., Monuments of the Tomsk Ob region in the V-VIII centuries A.D.-Tomsk: Publishing House of the Tomsk State University, 1983. - 243 p.

Vasyutin A. S. Odintsovo pogrebno-pominal complex Vaganovo-1 from the Kuznetsk Basin // Newest archaeological and ethnographic discoveries in Siberia: Materials of the II Annual Session of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Goldina R. D., Koroleva O. L., Makarov L. D. Agafonovsky burial ground-a monument to the Lomovat culture in the north of the Perm region / / Monuments of the Middle Ages in the Upper Kama region. Izhevsk: Udmurt State University Publ., 1980, pp. 3-66.

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Gutov E. A. The process of manufacturing hollow bronze products in the second half of the 1st millennium AD (based on materials from the Novosibirsk Ob region) // Economy and social system of ancient and medieval tribes of Western Siberia. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State Pedagogical Institute, 1989, pp. 69-73.

Dmitrovich A.M. Directory of a foundry worker. - Minsk: Higher School, 1989. - 391 p.

Durakov I. A., Mylnikova L. N. Tekhnologiya izgotovleniya bronzovykh izdeliy s mogilnika Tanay-7 [Technology of manufacturing bronze items from the Tanay-7 burial ground]. - 2004. - N 3. - P. 106-120.

Magnitsky O. N., Pirainen V. Yu. Khudozhestvennoe litye [Artistic casting]. St. Petersburg: Politechnika Publ., 1996, 231 p. (in Russian)

Minasyan E. S. Litye bronzovykh kotlov u narodov Evrazii [Casting of bronze cauldrons among the peoples of Eurasia]. collection. - 1986. - N 27. - p. 61-78.

Minasyan E. S. Tehnika litovaniya "chudskikh obrazkov" [Technique of casting "Chudskikh obrazkov"]. collection. - 1995. - N 32. - p. 119-127.

Minasyan E. S. Secrets of Scythian jewellers. Spring in the Valley of the Kings. Saint Petersburg: Slavia Publ., 2004, pp. 40-45.

Mogilnikov V. A. Ugrs and Samoyeds of the Urals and Western Siberia / / Finno-Ugrs and Balts in the Middle Ages. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1987, pp. 163-235.

Molodin V. I. Ancient art of Western Siberia. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1992, 190 p. (in Russian)

Oborin V. A. Ancient art of the peoples of the Kama region: Perm animal style. Perm: Kn. izd-vo, 1976, 190 p. (in Russian)

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 23.04.07.

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