Of the three named paronyms, the oldest is the adjective massive. For the first time, this word was officially registered almost two hundred years ago (in 1804) in the New Word interpreter and. Yanovsky. Over the years, the meaning of this adjective has practically not changed, and in its interpretation by modern dictionaries there are, in fact, only stylistic differences. Apart from the particulars, the meaning of this word, along with its lexical connotation, can be formulated as follows:: "Heavy, big; large, heavy (about a person, animal, or some other animal). body parts".

The first part of the interpretation of the word massive ("heavy, large") refers to inanimate nouns such as building, structure, structure, cathedral, temple, ship, ferry, tank, gun, car, machine tool, door, gate, furniture, sofa, wardrobe, sideboard, chest of drawers, chair, bed, pedestal, frying pan, inkwell, sole, jewelry, necklace, The second part of the interpretation ("big, heavy") applies to the nouns man, weightlifter, wrestler, figure, body, elephant, bison, bull; head, chest, chin, jaws, arms, legs, paws and some others. Let's illustrate the use of the paronym massive with quotes from modern fiction and periodicals:

"I went into the gloomy entrance, walked up to the second floor and stopped at the massive door" (A. Kivinov. Lack of proof); "He (Tvardovsky) was sitting at a large table with massive curbstones..." (V. Lakshin. Tvardovsky in Novy Mir); "They (Scorpio women) like massive jewelry and real jewelry" (Home Hearth. 1999. May); "A massive silver ring glittered on Anton's hand" (P. Dashkova. No one will cry); "The entrance to the restaurant was blocked by a massive figure of a servant in a jacket with gold edging and a uniform cap..." (Yu. Nagibin. Peak of luck); "On one side lay the massive jaw of a wild donkey that lived in those distant times in the vast steppe expanses "(Sat. "Age of Knowledge").

The massive paronym was first mentioned in Ushakov's Dictionary in 1938 (though only as a passive participle

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past tense from the verb massage in the meaning of: "Concentrate, pull together troops in one place"). The same interpretation of the word massed was not given. In fact, this adjectivated participle received a real lexicographic "registration" only in the BAS in 1957. There it is accompanied by the following interpretation: "Focused in one place. About the army, aviation, artillery fire, etc. " ( artillery fire, air raid, attack, etc....).

A somewhat expanded and more accurate, in our opinion, interpretation of this paronym is contained in the MAC: "Concentrated, grouped in one place; produced by a large amount of something." The same explanation is fully duplicated in the recently published "Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language "(hereinafter - BTS) edited by S. A. Kuznetsov. This interpretation can be quite satisfied. At the same time, it should be noted that all the mentioned dictionaries imply only the military aspect of using this word. However, in recent years, the range of nouns combined with this paronym has been slightly expanded due to vocabulary related to other spheres of human activity (in particular, to the spheres of ideology, psychology, and economics). Taking into account such replenishment, this circle currently looks like this: fire, shelling, raid, bombing, air war, tank battle, use of something, influx of something, attack on freedom of speech, psychological processing of someone, information attack on someone. and some others. Here are a number of quotes from modern periodicals:

"As for the actions of our Western allies, they, unfortunately, with their massive bombing caused huge damage to France "(Izvestia. 1994. June 2); " At the beginning of 1965, the stage of the massive US air war against the DRV began "(Today. 1994. June 28); "In some countries there is a massive attack on freedom of speech" (Ekho Moskvy Radio Station. 2001. January 22); "Next, the respondent receives an invitation to the so-called "presentation", where he is subjected to massive psychological processing "(Izvestia. 1994. June 1); "With a low crop of agriculture and animal husbandry, very large investments are needed for a massive influx of new technologies (Obozrevatel. 1994. N 5).

Let's move on to the third term of the paronymic series-the adjective mass. This very commonly used word is first registered in Ushakov's Dictionary, and five of its meanings have been identified. Other explanatory dictionaries also specify from four (BAS, MAC) to five (Ozhegov's Dictionary) meanings of this word, not counting their shades. Let us give the interpretation contained in the MAC (and fully repeated in the BTS, edited by S. A. Kuzne-

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cova): 1. One in which broad masses and a large number of people participate (such as movement, scenes in a play, games). // Which does not manifest itself in isolated cases (M. heroism). // Concerning a large number of people (Weapons m. destruction). 2. Intended for the general public (Consumer goods). 3. Belonging to the broad masses (M. reader, spectator). 4. Produced in large quantities (M. production).

Unfortunately, all these explanatory dictionaries operate with a very limited number of relevant quotations and utterances (mostly the same ones), which, quite fitting into the selected framework of meanings, do not give a real picture of the functioning of the paronym mass in the modern Russian language due to their small number. However, when trying to sort out a much larger number of examples with the word mass under the specified headings (and in our file there are more than 80 quotations with this adjective, mainly from modern periodicals), the material under study "resists" and largely does not fit into the proposed framework. Therefore, it becomes necessary to select new values and rearrange the above values in a certain way. At the same time, it is quite justified, from our point of view, to consolidate some meanings (the introduction of so-called combined meanings), which allows us to give a consistent lexicographic "registration" to almost all our existing utterances with the paronym mass. This is what the interpretation of this adjective ultimately looks like in our interpretation:

1. Carried out, occurring on a large scale; involving a large number of people.

2. Characteristic of a large number of people.

3. Belonging to the broad masses; intended for them.

Let's take a closer look at the range of nouns that are combined with the adjective mass in each of the meanings we have identified.

In relation to the first meaning, we are talking about the following nouns: census (population), survey, vaccinations, offensive, retreat, evacuation, flight, epidemic, production of something, release of something, construction, construction, advertising, death of someone, terror, arrests, repression, shootings, sweeps, dismissals, crime, corruption, theft, events, speeches, rallies, strikes, demonstrations, hunger strikes, protests, riots, conflicts, skirmishes, fights, brawls, boycotts, business, race, professions, scenes, entertainment, festivities, weapons of mass destruction and many others. Let's illustrate this with some examples:

"Doctors conducted mass examinations of employees of a number of mining enterprises" (Today. 1994. June 23);

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"It is assumed that the car will be put into mass production at the beginning of next year "(Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1997. N 221); "By the way, Mitino seems to be losing its reputation as the most prestigious area of mass development" (Profile. 1999. N 3); " Where else will they (firms) get such massive free advertising of their products?! "(Izvestia. 1994. May 19); "Mass death of newborn deer occurs in the Taimyr tundra" (Today. 1994. June 7); "The end of August and the beginning of September were marked by mass layoffs at many enterprises and firms" (Results. 1999. N 10); " And we, with a large influx of guests and participants of the Games, are obliged to prevent any attempts at mass or individual terror "(Izvestia. 1994. June 3);" It is necessary to expand the opportunities of mass business in such a way as to divert energetic people from the criminal world " (Obozrevatel. 1994. N 3); "At first, film directors used him (Evgeny Eduardovich) only in mass scenes" (S. Dovlatov. Suitcase).

In the second meaning ("Peculiar to a large number of people"), the adjective mass is combined with such nouns: passion, interest, heroism, enthusiasm, consciousness, psychosis, hypnosis, and some others. For example: "So I am concerned about the current decline of astronomy, the fading mass interest in it "(Izvestia. 1993. May 15); "Words about mass heroism did not prevent canonizing individual, mostly deceased heroes and discounting the rest" (V. Kardin. Legends and facts); "Television as the most effective means of influencing mass consciousness has relevant requests" (Mir za nedelya. 1999. No. 9); "- Here, citizens, we have just seen a case of so-called mass hypnosis " (M. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita).

The range of nouns combined with the adjective under consideration in the third meaning ("Belonging to the broad masses; intended for them") includes the following words: spectator, reader, consumer, support; automobile, magazine, newspaper, circulation, culture, literature, library, performances, spectacles, mass-market goods, mass media and some others. Here are some examples:

"Although dictionaries of foreign words have recently been published, recording the latest borrowings, the mass reader will not look at them every minute to understand the journalistic text "(Russkaya rech. 1999. N 1); "Today, the vast majority of enterprises work for the mass consumer, and they are not up to the problems of sick people" (Izvestia. 1994. June 9); "During the civil War, the peasants served as the mass support of the Communists in the liberated areas of China "(Izvestia. 1994. June 9); "American literary and political monthly" Reader's Digest " - the most popular magazine

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and the world" (V. Nikolaev. Titanium); "My future specialty is the director of mass performances" (L. Pleshakov. How hard it is to be yourself); " Today is not the time for fairy tales. And the Christmas tree in popular culture was replaced by talking stumps and other evil spirits" (Izvestia. 1998. December 30); " Isn't it enough to pass on the interpretation of the government's intentions to the mass media?" (Izvestiya. 1993. May 15).

So, we have considered the main features of the functioning of the paronyms massive, massive and mass. These words are quite clearly distinguished by their meanings and lexical compatibility, and therefore do not form paronymic and synonymous phrases. The oldest among them and the most "conservative" is the adjective massive-combining exclusively with specific nouns, it practically does not expand its range of lexical compatibility.

The adjectivated participle massed, which initially "served" only nouns related to war, gradually goes beyond this narrow framework, as we have tried to show with a few examples.

As for the adjective mass, we are witnessing its rapid semantic "expansion" and rapid expansion of the range of lexical compatibility. According to our observations, currently there are already more than 120 noun phrases with this paronym. And we can say with a high degree of confidence that this number will continue to increase.

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