In international practice, it has long been customary for heads of State and their permanent representatives abroad to resort to certain diplomatic acts if necessary. These notes are a kind of written monuments. They were issued in the form of relevant documents. The monuments of Russia's diplomatic relations with foreign powers reflect such documents as the declaration, manifesto, memorial (later memorandum), commemoration, notification, note, ultimatum, protest, demarche, reprisals, embargo, etc. In this article, we will discuss only some of these names.

A note from the middle of the XVIII century denotes an official diplomatic document that forms various relations between states (a statement of protest, notification of a fact, etc.). The word note (note) is borrowed from the French language, in which it goes back to the Latin nota "remark, explanation" (N. M. Shansky, Bobrova T. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language, Moscow, 1994). In business papers of the XVIII century, there are cases of intermittent use of this gallicismand the corresponding Russian note: "handed to him [the Danish minister] (...) her imp-ago v-va signing a proven note, which announces to him that her imp. b-vo deigns to pay out of its treasury that debt (...) Holstein Privy Councillor (...) and get (...) her imp-ago v-va signing a proven note, previously and thanked (...) for the favor shown to him" (1754) In the monuments of international law of the beginning of the XIX century, the compound designation note verbale was reflected:" I enclose a copy of the note verbale, which is in your case " (Ibid., 1803).

The word nota, which has been registered in lexicographic reference books since the 19th century, is still used as an international legal term today. Note here also the homonym note - a musical term (a graphic sign for recording the sound [of a musical work] of a certain height and duration), also borrowed from the French language in the XVIII century, where note < lat. nota "sign, mark".

Since the beginning of the XVIII century, the term ultimatum (and its variant without the classical final) has been used in international law. -

page 82

ul'timat) - novolatinism by origin (ultimatum lit. "brought to the end, the last "from ultimus "last"), which came to the Russian language, according to some researchers, through German-Ultimatum or through French-ultimatum, according to others - "directly and through French". It indicated the categorical demand of one State to another to take a certain position on any issue within the specified period. Until the 1940s, this borrowing was rarely used in diplomatic documents (we noted two cases in legal monuments).: "But we hope that the French ministers will still stay until June 1, Nov., as promised in their ultimatum, and then they will leave" (Prince Kurakin's Archive. 1713); " Our ultimatum is limited in the position of our borders along the Dniester River "(Ibid., 1789).

In the diplomatic language of the XVIII century, the version with the classical final-ultimatum - "The rescript that you received together with the ultimatum of your treatise, was shown to me already signed" (Vorontsov Archive. 1787). Subsequently, this option wins in the speech sphere. Currently, it is also used in a figurative sense - "a demand accompanied by some kind of threat": "The landlord gave him a strict ultimatum yesterday - either give him money or leave the apartment "( M. Gorky).

In Russian diplomatic monuments of the XVIII century, there is another term-gallicism demarche (demarche). "speech"), meaning a statement, an event aimed at influencing any government body, official; a request, protest or warning on any issue: "... Prime Minister Blondel did not make any demarche to him" (Vorontsov Archive. 1749); "Take a look, my dear sir, at my demarches described in detail in my journal" (1761 From the papers of I. I. Shuvalov. // Sat. historich. St. Petersburg, 1872, vol. 9).

The international legal term "gallicism to disavow" (desavouer "to refuse, to express disapproval")-to declare disagreement with something, non-recognition of someone - remains the property of modern diplomatic language.: "I wanted to make sure that the French Court does not disavow what Duklas represents here in the name of onago" (Vorontsov Archive. 1756). In the archive of Prince Vorontsov, this verb is found in the reflexive form: "In order that the emperor may not be angry over the famous memorial of the Marquis of Gallo, the latter is disavowed" (Ibid., 1799).

In the 18th century, the medieval Latinism of reprisals (repressaliae < lat. reprehendere "hold, stop"; cf. Polish. representja "revenge"). It is used to indicate the coercive measures taken by one State in response to the illegal actions of another State.-

page 83

rov, using this lexeme in his treatise, provides it with an explanation: "Then E. Tsar was forced. in-vo reprisals (mutual retribution) to use" (Shafirov P. Reasoning what are the legitimate reasons... Peter the Great... to the beginning of the war against King Charles 12 of Sweden in 1700 (St. Petersburg, 1717); " From the side of the Tsar. The V-va is opposed to being in reprisal or revenge, and their resident Clipper Crown (...) it is ordered to register equally" (Ibid.). In other texts of diplomatic content, this lexeme is used without explanatory interpretations: "hope is given to the merchants of the Aglin company (...) to avoid fear of reprisals for expelling E. v-va resident from the court of aglinskago" (Magazine or daily note of Peter the Great... 1721 St. Petersburg, 1772. Part 2); " if they refuse to do justice to these complaints, they will immediately agree among themselves on the most convenient way to get it for themselves, through just reprisals "(Collection of treatises and conventions concluded by Russia with foreign powers. Comp. by F. F. Martinet. 1781 St. Petersburg, 1874-1902. Vol. 2). The Latinism of reprisals is included in the New Dictionary of N. Yanovsky (1806. Part 3). It also exists in the modern language of international law.

The Convention on the Common Actions of Russia and England against France of 1793 uses the legal term embargo (and the variant ambargo), which came from Spanish to Russian (embargo "seizure, prohibition"). through English or French as a designation of a special repressive act, expressed in the detention of ships, cargo and weapons belonging to another state: "Persons who exercise government authority in France ( ... ) have now committed the most unjust and offensive attack by imposing an embargo on all Russian and British vessels located in French ports"(Collection of treatises and conventions concluded by Russia with foreign powers. Comp. by F. F. Martens). This term has been preserved in the modern diplomatic language with the same meanings.

The word sequester, which came to the Russian language through the Polish medium-sekwestr from the Latin sequestrum "transfer of a disputed case to a third party" from sequester "intermediary", "initially accompanying, located nearby"; sequor "follow" (Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian language, Moscow, 1987, Vol. III) has been used in the diplomatic language since the beginning of the XVIII century in the meaning of "prohibition imposed by the international community on the use or disposal of part of the territory of a state, the transfer of the right to such use to another state": "On the contrary, E. K. v-vo Prusskaya promises that when the sequester takes possession of this place in this way, it will remain in possession of it until the next Northern World, and the Crown of Shvets will not want to give it up first" (Sobranie

page 84

treatises... 1713); "Whether it was given (Wismar) in sequestration to one king of Prussia and the house of Gottorop and in the same condition as Stetin" (Kurakin Archive. 1713); "proposed plan for sequestering the lands of Western Pomerania" (Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. 1713).

The" objectified " process of such prohibition and transfer of territory was called sequestration-Polonism in origin-sekwestracja (from Lat. sequestratio "property description"): "the King of Prussia is not a little given a reason for the sequestration caused by the fact that Stetin was given to the King of Prussia" (Kurakin Archive. 1713); "by the royal handwritten charter, the sequestration of the free gershavstvo of Wartenberg was entrusted to the Land's Hauptman Treski" (Vorontsov Archive. 1742). There was also the term sequestration: "allegedly, there is an intention to send there from Poland to sequester the remaining) ducal areas" (Vorontsov Archive. 1743). In our time, the word sequestration is used in the field of law, finance and medicine: "1. legal prohibition or restriction imposed by state power on the use or disposal of any property. 2. fin. Restriction or reduction of the expenditure part of the state budget, individual items of this budget. 3. honey. A dead, torn-off area of some kind. organ (most often bones)" (Krysin L. P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words, Moscow, 2000. 2nd ed., add.).

In modern international law, measures of influence (economic, financial, military) against a state in violation of its international obligations or norms of international law are referred to as sanctions (Latin sanctio "the strictest resolution"); cf., for example, "sanctions of the international community against Iraq, Yugoslavia".

Volgograd

Permanent link to this publication: