Study guide for students higher educational institutions
The course of ancient Russian literature occupies a special place in the system of philological education. With it, in fact, the cycle of historical and literary disciplines begins. The overwhelming majority of monuments are discovered by first-year students for the first time. Therefore, when mastering the material, the role of the publication is especially important, forming the culture of perception of ancient Russian works, the skills of their interpretation. At the end of 2003, the handbook for universities "Old Russian Literature of the XI-XVII centuries" (edited by V. I. Korovin) was published. It appears to meet these pressing requirements. The book was prepared by a team of authors, including well-known medievalists of the Department of Russian Literature of Moscow State Pedagogical University, students of Professor N. I. Prokofiev-L. A. Olshevskaya, N. V. Trofimova, A.V. Karavashkin and S. N. Travnikov.
The manual develops the traditions of well-known university textbooks on the history of literature of Ancient Russia. Its creators were able to summarize the most important achievements of literary science of the past century, which turned out to be the most productive in terms of studying the book heritage of the XI-XVII centuries. At the end of the 20th century, specialists and students became available not only fundamental reference books, dictionaries, and encyclopedias, but also multi-volume publications of ancient texts with detailed commentaries and translations. All this changed the situation with providing the educational process with books, concretized the tasks related to the systematic presentation of the history of Russian medieval literature. That is why the authors rightly focused primarily on the problems of poetics of ancient Russian literature, the formation and evolution of genre forms, and the means of traditional pictorial art.
The structure of the book and the grouping of the material well meet the goals of the educational publication. The visibility of the presentation of a large array of information plays an important role here. Six major chapters combine a story about the works according to the system of periodization adopted by the authors ("Literature of Kievan Rus. Forming
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genre system of Old Russian literature"; "The emergence of the literature of individual principalities in the era of feudal fragmentation"; "New phenomena in literature in the era of the beginning of the Mongol-Tatar yoke"; "Literature of the era of the Kulikovo Battle;" Literature of the era of the Russian centralized state (XVI century) " and " Russian literature of the XVII century: transformation of the medieval system of genres and the emergence of new literary forms"). They are divided into paragraphs, and those, in turn, into small sections devoted to the consideration of individual aspects of a particular work. Students ' learning and independent work will be facilitated by the test questions and additional literature placed at the end of the chapters.
Special mention should be made of the introduction. It paves the way for a proper historical and literary analysis of works. Here the necessary initial premises are established, specific features of medieval literature are formulated. The authors found original approaches to complex theoretical categories. Both well-known aspects of the originality of medieval art and the life of the book, as well as more specific issues, are convincingly revealed. For example, it is very interesting to observe the interaction of several genre systems in Ancient Russia, the reasons for the departure of medieval authors from real events, various aspects of symbolism, etc. All this gives the book a valuable quality of novelty.
The most important issues of the history of science, auxiliary disciplines, and above all, textology and paleography are not ignored. The reader is in continuous dialogue with modern researchers and classics of Russian medieval studies. Conclusions are formed taking into account a variety of concepts and hypotheses. Moreover, in some cases, science has not developed a single point of view on complex debatable problems. Such is, for example, the question of the nature of interaction and chronology of famous monuments of the Borisoglebsky cycle.
The history of the formation and development of ancient Russian literature is shown in vivid connections with the history of civil and ecclesiastical, against the background of the entire culture of the XI-XVII centuries. The genre of the manual implies the fullest possible coverage of the works that the program prescribes to be studied. Therefore, the range of texts analyzed in detail in textbooks is constant. At the same time, the book has its own measure of detail, original ways to expand the number of sources used. All this is determined by the area of scientific interests of each of the authors. It can be said that never before has such a detailed consideration of the historical military story appeared on the pages of educational literature. This variety of ancient narratives is presented at various stages of its long life and evolution. The most important types of chronicle and extra-chronicle military narratives are shown.
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In general, the chronicles as phenomena of ancient Russian literature, their regional features are finally given worthy attention. A typical example of a successful analysis of the military chronicle story is the consideration of the story about the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians from the Kievan Arch. Revealing the style, composition, and character of the images of the characters in this work is important both in themselves and in connection with the more famous monument - "The Lay of Igor's Regiment".
We also found our own approaches to the study of Old Russian patericography, hagiographies, and, of course, journalism of the XVI century. The sections devoted to walking are very informative. It shows not only the historical and literary significance of the essay works of Ancient Russia, but also offers rich historical, geographical and cultural information. Against the background of various walks in time and direction, such a significant problem as travel in the culture of the Russian Middle Ages is highlighted.
One of the practical results of applying to the monuments of the past is the ability of students to recognize in the works of modern times motifs and images that go back to the medieval bookishness. Although the manual does not have a section covering the problems of the traditions of ancient Russian literature, many chapters and paragraphs are generously scattered with references and references to the main milestones on the way to artistic development of the heritage of Ancient Russia. In addition, the mutual influence of ancient texts on each other is fairly noted (for example, the use of Metropolitan Hilarion's "Word on Law and Grace" by scribes of subsequent centuries, or the influence of the "Life of Theodosius of the Caves" on later hagiography).
The new textbook will certainly attract the attention of students and teachers. The book is not only rich in factual information, useful and clear in form, but also has another very important property. It arouses interest in the subject and the research of Medievalists, drawing the reader into the world of literature of high ideals. Therefore, it is difficult not to agree with the authors ' optimistic statement: "The science of ancient Russian literature is young and promising, and it has great discoveries ahead of it."
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