ON THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF "LOP POGOSTS" (based on craniological materials from the burial ground of the XVII - early XIX century Alozero)
The article presents the results of studying the craniological series from the Alozero burial ground (XVII-early XIX centuries) - the earliest paleoanthropological materials from the territory of North Karelia. The appearance of the burial ground seems to coincide with the beginning of active settlement of this territory by Karelians. The series consists of 23 skulls (15 male and 8 female). The general craniological characteristics bring them closer to the morphological complex prevailing among the Karelian groups close to our time. At the same time, two morphological complexes are clearly distinguished in the series. The former is distinguished by the overall massiveness of the skull, combined with its extremely high arch and broad facial skeleton. This most "archaic" morphological variant, on the one hand, brings the Alozero series closer to modern groups of northwestern Karelians, on the other hand, it shows the genetic continuity of the northern Karelians and the medieval population of the Northwestern Ladoga region, and its features go back to the craniological type of Mesoneolithic inhabitants of the Baltic region. The second complex is characterized by the average height of the skull, the average width of the facial skeleton, and a high bridge of the nose. Here, the greatest similarity is shown with the groups of Finns of Finland that are close to modern times. The presence of this complex in the Alozero series is probably a consequence of the influx of migrants from the interior of Finland. It is assumed that before the Karelian development of the northern regions of Karelia, this territory was inhabited by groups related to the modern Sami. As a result of the study, no traces of "laponoid"were found in the North Karelian groups.
Key words: craniology, ethnic history, Karelians, Finns, Sami, Northern Caucasians.
Introduction
The period of active development of the north-western regions of modern Karelia by Karelians covers only the last few centuries. Despite the fact that the earliest Karelian settlements in the north of the region date back to the first half of the second millennium, only at the end of the XVI - beginning of the XVII century, starting from the time of the Livonian War, the first significant groups of Finnish-speaking immigrants from the southern regions appeared here. In the first half of the 17th century, the migration took on a truly massive character: thousands of Karelian families left the territories of the Karelian Isthmus and the Northwestern Ladoga region occupied by Sweden and headed for new lands. Some moved in a south-easterly direction, to the areas of settlement of the Vepsian and Russian populations - to the Olonets and Tikhvin regions and further to the Valdai and Upper Volga regions, which were deserted as a result of the wars of the "Time of Troubles"; others-to the territory of Central and Northern Karelia, the historical "Lop pogosts" (Muller, 1947; Bubrich, 1947]. By that time, the latter had been partially developed not only by earlier groups of Karelian settlers, but also by " Lesha and Dikaya
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lopyu " - a population probably related to the modern Sami (Bubrikh, 1971; Zhukov, 2004). The question of the participation of the Sami in the formation of the northern Karelian groups, as well as the legitimacy of identifying the "Lesha and wild lope" and modern Sami in cultural and anthropological relations is still the subject of experts ' discussions today (Shumkin, 1991; Shakhnovich, 2007).
In any case, by the time of the mass migration of the Karelians, the Sami population in the region, if any, was probably small. Russo-Swedish wars in the second half of the XVI-mid-XVII centuries. they caused serious damage to the local population. In written sources, there are fragmentary references to the extermination of "lopi" by Swedish detachments, some of which, however, moved to safer areas [Kosmenko, 2006, p. 227]. It is possible that by the end of the 16th century the Sami people had practically disappeared from this territory [Muller, 1947, p. 16]. Some groups of them, however, left their mark in the historical sources of the region (Zhukov, 2003, 2004). Moreover, some researchers believe that the Sami people may be directly involved in the formation of the northern Karelians. This assumption is based on the results of an analysis of ethnonyms, historical documents, and folk traditions (Kuzmin, 2005).
Another problem in studying the history of the formation of the anthropological composition of the northern Karelians is related to the possibility of entering the Finnish component-immigrants from the North-Western Ladoga region and the interior of modern Finland. Historical sources indicate the penetration of groups of not only Karelian, but also Finnish population into the territory of North Karelia. Number of Finnish immigrants ("Latvian Finnish and Svei lands") It is difficult to estimate, but the very fact of such migration is confirmed by written sources (Zherbin, 1956). The existence of two streams of migrants is also revealed by toponymic data. It is confirmed by "a number of characteristic Karelian and 'Yemskian' differentiating models that are found throughout the entire length of the waterways along which the Karelian population once moved from the Korelsky Uyezd through the territory of Finnish North Karelia to the Karelian White Sea region, and especially its western parts" (Kuzmin, 2008, p.29). Probably, the number of Finns was relatively small in comparison with the Karelian immigrants, but the possibility of a certain participation of the former in the composition of the population of North Karelia cannot be completely excluded.
The problem of the presence of the Finnish component in the northern Karelians may be related to the question of groups of the Pribotnian "Korela", which historically had close contact with the Finns. These groups appeared on the territory of the modern Kalevalsky district of the Republic of Karelia at the beginning of the XVIII century. Historians explain the fact of their late migration by the fact that the Pribotnian "Korela", who lived on the territory of Northern Finland, experienced Swedish pressure to a lesser extent than other groups of the ancestors of modern Karelians. According to D. V. Bubrikh, the memory of their foreign ancestors was preserved among the local Karelian population in the XIX century, including in the family of the famous rune singer Arkhip Perttunen [1947, p. 47].
The degree of influence of Finnish and Sami groups on the formation of the anthropological appearance of the Karelian population proper cannot be estimated without analyzing the craniological series of the northern Karelians. The anthropological features of the inhabitants of Northwestern Russia, including the Karelians, are well studied based on the materials of the late XIX-early XX centuries. These series of skulls showed a significant difference between the anthropological characteristics prevailing in the Karelian population, on the one hand, and the surrounding peoples, including the Finnish and Sami groups, on the other [Khartanovich, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1995, 20046, 2005].
Craniological materials of North Karelia are presented in two series from the burial grounds of Regyarvi and Chiksha (Kalevalsky district of the Republic of Karelia). The results of the analysis of their morphological characteristics indicate against the versions about the influence of both Sami and Finnish groups on the formation of the northern Karelians. The craniological complexes prevailing in the composition of these peoples are quite distinct. The morphological variant presented in North Karelia, even against the background of other Karelian series, looks the most "archaic", being distinguished by the most massive and high cranial box, a broad facial skeleton with strongly protruding nasal bones (Khartanovich, 2005). The characteristics of skulls from these burial grounds are most closely related to the complex of features found in the medieval inhabitants of the Northwestern Ladoga region, which can be identified with the ancient Karelian population of the XIV-XV centuries, and in the Mesolithic inhabitants of the Eastern Baltic area (Khartanovich and Shirobokov, 2010). However, both series belong to the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century and, consequently, chronologically distant from the period of development of the northern regions of modern Karelia by immigrants. Until recently, the anthropological characteristics of earlier groups of northern Karelians remained unknown to researchers.
In 1994, the Finnish ethnographer Kh. A burial ground of the same name was discovered 1.2 km east of the edge of the now abandoned village of Alozero in the village of Rütkel (Kainuu Museum, Finland). The monument is located on the northern shore of the lake. Yuliajarvi, 18 km south of the village. Kalevala and otde-
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Fig. 1. Location of the Alozero burial ground.
flax from d. Alozero is a strait between the lakes Alajarvi and Yuliajarvi. It occupies the western part of the lake's only sandy promontory adjacent to stony lake (Fig. 1).
In 1997, an archaeological expedition of the Karelian State Museum of Local Lore conducted rescue excavations at the burial ground (Shakhnovich, 2000; Shakhnovich and Khartanovich, 2002). In 1999, 2005, and 2006, the Northern European Paleoanthropological Group of the MAE RAS and specialists in anthropology of the IAE RAS took part in a field study of the monument. The area of the burial ground is estimated at 800 m2, but about a third of it is destroyed by soil erosion due to fluctuations in the level of the reservoir. The height of the preserved part above the water level is 4 - 5 m. There were no clear traces of tombstone structures (mounds, wooden "domoviny", crosses). The total area of the archaeological research area was 48 m2 with a layer thickness of up to 1.5 m.
Most Orthodox village cemeteries in Karelia are surrounded by a boulder fence or wooden fence. No traces of a specially constructed fence were found on the Alozero burial ground. It is quite likely that a strip of large boulders, which are a natural outlet along the oza ridge, could be considered by local residents as a symbolic "fence" that limited the burial ground from the north (from the south it was limited by the shoreline of the lake) [Khartanovich and Shakhnovich, 2009, pp. 106-107].
39 undisturbed burials were examined and numerous redeposited osteological material was collected from the destroyed sites. The monument is dated from the end of the XVII - beginning of the XIX century by its crosses and fragments of black-flattened ceramics.
In the horizontal plan, the burials on the burial ground were located very close to each other. Burials located at different levels sometimes overlapped each other, and later ones violated earlier ones. The destruction of early burials by later ones is also evidenced by the large number of scattered bones in the filling of a number of graves. Bone remains from disturbed burials were sometimes placed in later ones, either on the north side of the coffin, or on top of the lid. This is the first of the Karelian burial complexes that we have studied, where violations of one burial by another were observed. Usually, including in the medieval Kulyalakhti Kalmistomaki burial ground (Khartanovich, 1986, 1991; Velsky and Khartanovich, 2006; Velsky and Laakso, 2008; Khartanovich and Shirobokov, 2010), they were located at a distance of 0.5 - 2.0 m from each other, and there were no cases of overlapping burials.
The buried were located in an elongated position, on their backs, with their heads facing south-west. They were placed in rectangular coffin boxes made of "clumsy" boards, which were usually fixed without the use of iron nails, by tying them at the corners with birch bark straps (Fig. 2), which were constantly found at the bottom of the coffin.-
2. Fixing the corner of a wooden burial structure with a birch-bark knot.
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Fig. 3. Birch bark covering of the burial site.
cleaning of burials. From above, the structures were covered over the entire lid area with pieces of birch bark with a width of 0.4-0.5 m, laid across the long axis of the coffin (Fig. 3).
Funerary equipment is minimal. Nine crosses-calves were found in 39 burials. Other finds include a broken iron adze, six forged nails, and six potsherds from two bowls. Ceramics are represented by two types: the first is black - flattened "Moscow", produced, most likely, in the workshop of the Solovetsky monastery; the second is "local", made by hand, not on a potter's wheel, thin - walled, with a wavy edge, unornamented (Khartanovich and Shakhnovich, 2009, p. 106).
Materials and methods
A total of 30 skulls with bones of varying degrees of preservation were obtained from 39 undisturbed burials and from the scree of destroyed ones: 15 male, 8 female, 7 skulls of children and adolescents aged from 1 to 15 years (mostly of very poor preservation). The collected craniological materials from the burial ground were received for permanent storage in the MAE RAS and registered under N 7329. After the first preliminary publication [Khartanovich and Shakhnovich, 2009], the series was supplemented with several skulls from the collections of the Karelian State Museum of Local Lore, which led to some changes in individual average characteristics.
The new craniological series was studied using both traditional descriptive and measuring craniological techniques, as well as modern methods of multidimensional statistical analysis (canonical correlations) against the background of a wide range of comparative materials from the territory of Northern Europe. Statistical data processing was carried out using the CANON program developed by B. A. Kozintsev and the Statistica 6.0 software package.
Research results
Male skulls from Alozero generally have rather significant longitudinal and especially transverse diameters (Table 1). They are massive and characterized by a well-defined bone relief. The cranial box is mesobrahicrane according to the index, high (according to measurements from both basion and porion). When the skull is not long, but wide, the value of the altitude-longitudinal index is rather large, while the altitude-transverse index is average. The forehead is of medium width and straight.
The facial skeleton is quite high in absolute size, with an average height in the upper facial and vertical faciocerebral indexes. The zygomatic diameter is on the border of medium and large values, but rather large. The length of the base of both the skull and face is large. Their ratio indicates mesognathity by the index of facial protrusion, while orthognathity by the general and average facial angles. Pear-shaped opening of medium width, not high. The orbits are wide, but not high, with a small value of the orbital pointer. The facial skeleton is somewhat flattened at the level of the nasion point, and clinognathous at the level of the subspinale point. The nose bridge and nasal bones are of medium width, high both in absolute values and in simotic and dacrial indicators. The nose protrudes very strongly relative to the profile line of the face.
Previously, it was shown that all the Karelian series of skulls close to the present have such common features as a very high, mesobrahicrane-shaped cranial box with medium longitudinal and significant transverse diameters. The facial skeleton is medium-high, mesognathous at the index and orthognathous at the corners, very broad in some (North Karelian) groups, and narrower in others (from Central and Southern Karelia). An extremely peculiar combination of weakened (by European standards)energy is also quite clearly shown in all Karelian materials.
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Table 1. Average sizes and indexes of skulls from the Alozero burial ground
Sign
Men's
Female
n
X
sd
n
X
sd
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. Longitudinal diameter
14
180,0
4,5
7
169,1
6,1
8. Cross diameter
15
144,2
6,8
6
137,0
5,3
8:1. Cranial index
14
79,4
2,1
6
80,7
4,0
17. Height diameter
14
138,8
4,0
7
131,3
6,5
17: 1. Height and length indicator
13
77,0
3,2
7
77,6
2,3
17: 8. Height and cross sign
14
96,5
4,8
6
96,7
5,4
20. Ear height
11
117,7
3,3
6
114,5
6,2
5. Length of skull base
14
101,9
3,7
8
96,0
6,0
9. The smallest width of the forehead
15
95,1
3,5
8
93,0
3,5
9: 8. Frontal-transverse index
15
66,1
3,1
6
66,7
2,6
10. The greatest width of the forehead
14
117,9
4,8
6
112,0
5,5
32. Angle of the forehead profile from p
12
85,3
3,0
5
88,0
2,8
Pg-m. Forehead profile angle from g
11
78,6
4,1
5
81,2
5,2
11. Width of the skull base
13
125,9
3,1
8
121,6
5,4
12. Nape width
14
112,7
5,7
7
106,9
3,0
40. Length of the base of the face
12
100,5
5,5
6
91,2
3,0
40: 5. Face protrusion indicator
12
98,1
4,3
6
95,4
4,5
43. Upper face width
11
105,0
2,0
7
101,4
4,2
45. Zygomatic diameter
13
135,6
4,5
7
124,6
3,2
45: 8. Horizontal faciocerebral index
13
93,7
4,8
6
91,2
3,4
46. Average face width
11
98,2
4,8
7
92,0
6,9
48. Upper face height
10
72,4
4,3
7
67,0
4,5
48: 45. Upper face pointer
9
53,1
3,3
6
52,4
2,4
48: 17. Vertical faciocerebral index
9
52,4
2,6
6
50,2
3,2
51. Orbit width from mf
13
43,5
1,7
7
42,1
2,7
52. Orbit height
12
32,1
2,0
7
32,3
2,0
52: 51. The orbital pointer from mf
12
73,9
4,0
7
76,9
4,7
54. Nose width
11
25,7
2,1
7
24,7
2,0
55. Nose height
13
51,8
3,3
7
48,1
2,8
54: 55. Nasal pointer
11
50,4
5,5
7
51,4
4,5
SC. Simotic width
13
8,9
2,1
5
9,0
1,0
SS. Simotic height
13
4,1
1,2
5
4,0
1,2
SS : SC. Simotic index
13
46,5
7,3
5
44,0
10,9
DC. Dacrial width
7
22,1
1,2
3
22,4
1,8
DS. Dacrial height
7
12,3
1,1
3
10,5
0,3
DS : DC. Dacrial index
7
55,8
7,3
3
47,2
4,9
Bimalar width fmo-fmo
12
99,5
2,1
6
95,0
4,0
Height n above fmo-fmo
12
17,0
1,7
6
17,9
2,9
77. Nasomalar angle
12
142,3
3,7
6
138,8
5,1
zm'-zm'. Zygomaxillary width
10
97,1
5,3
6
91,2
5,8
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End of Table 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
sub.ss/zm'-zm'. Height ss above the zygomaxillary chord
10
23,2
3,2
6
23,7
3,4
Hzm'. Zygomaxillary angle
10
129,1
5,6
6
125,3
5,0
72. General face angle
11
85,0
5,3
5
85,2
4,4
73. Middle face corner
11
88,1
5,8
5
88,6
4,9
74. Angle of the alveolar part
10
77,3
5,7
5
75,6
6,8
75. Angle of inclination of the nasal bones
4
51,3
3,9
2
51,0
4,2
75 (1). Nose protrusion angle
4
32,3
2,6
3
31,7
4,5
Depth of canine fossa
10
4,0
1,5
7
2,8
1,5
facial profiles at the level of the nasion point with its pronounced clinognathality at the level of the subspinale point and a sharply protruding nose (Khartanovich, 1986). It is obvious that the average values of the considered Late Medieval craniological materials from Alozero do not exceed variations of the same anthropological type common to all Karelian series (including skulls of the 14th-15th centuries from Kulyalakhti) [Khartanovich and Shirobokov, 2010].
Female skulls from the Alozero burial ground stand out somewhat from other Karelian series (see Table 1). They are characterized by a smaller size of the cranium with a relatively high height, a more sharply profiled facial skeleton with a high bridge and strongly protruding nasal bones. At the same time, the pronounced clinognathity of the face at both levels distinguishes female skulls from male skulls from the same monument. The specificity of the female sample may be the result of the participation in its formation of components that are not directly related to the general Karelian craniological type. However, the sample is too small for unambiguous conclusions. In addition, comparative materials for the European North are represented by a small number of women's series. We can only say with confidence that the features of the craniological complex of the Alozero Karelians are not the result of the influence of the Sami component. On the contrary, the morphological features that distinguish this series from other Karelian ones express even more its specificity against the background of the Sami groups.
At the same time, in the intragroup analysis, two morphological complexes that differ from each other can be distinguished in the male Alozera series. The former is represented in most of the male skulls (from undisturbed burials and scree) and is characterized by extreme massiveness, a very high skull height, and a broad, somewhat flattened facial skeleton with a relatively low nose bridge. The second complex is found in redeposited materials (from filling grave pits and scree) and is characterized by indicators that do not fit into the range of variants prevailing in Karelians: skulls are clearly more graceful, with a smooth relief, a low skull, somewhat more profiled, especially in the nasal region, and narrow-faced.
Taking into account the high taxonomic value of such an indicator as the height of the cranium in the territory under consideration, and taking into account some other significant features, we divided the series into two groups: skulls with a high cranium (MAE 7329, N 2, 10, 11, 15, 21 - 24, 34) and with a lower price (MAE 7329, N 4, 18, 19, 26, 35). This division, of course, is somewhat conditional. However, in our opinion, the criterion for the correctness of the classification method used should have been the correspondence or inconsistency of the variants identified within the Alozersk series with the actual anthropological types existing among the population of the area (Table 2). It should be noted that the morphological characteristics of most female skulls correspond somewhat more in the "low-headed" variant with a more sharply profiled facial skeletal structure and high bridge of the nose in males, rather than in the total Alozera series.
To assess the position of the studied group and the anthropological variants identified in its composition against the background of the surrounding population close to modern times, an analysis of canonical correlations of 46 series from the territory of the European North (male skulls) was performed. Published data on Karelians and similar groups of Finns, Estonians, Sami, Izhora, Komi-Zyryans, Russians of the northern regions of Russia, and Swedes were used (Table 3).
The canonical analysis was carried out in two variants. In the first case, the average values of the features of the total series from the Alozero burial ground were used (see Table. 1), in the second-two morphological complexes identified within it (see Table 2). In both versions of the analysis, both loads on the canonical structures are considered as
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Table 2. "Vysokogolovy" (A1) and" nshkogolovy " (A2) variants of the craniological series from the Alozero burial ground (male skulls)
Sign
A1
A2
n
X
sd
n
X
sd
1. Longitudinal diameter
8
179,0
4,8
5
180,8
4,3
8. Cross diameter
9
145,1
7,9
5
142,2
5,4
8:1. Cranial index
8
80,0
2,3
5
78,6
2,0
17. Height diameter
9
141,1
2,6
5
134,6
2,2
5. Length of skull base
9
102,4
4,3
5
100,8
2,6
9. The smallest width of the forehead
9
95,7
4,0
5
94,0
2,9
40. Length of the base of the face
7
100,0
5,7
5
101,2
5,8
45. Zygomatic diameter
8
137,1
4,1
5
133,2
4,4
48. Upper face height
4
72,5
2,9
5
71,0
4,6
51. Orbit width from mf
7
44,3
1,0
5
42,4
2,1
52. Orbit height
7
32,6
2,2
5
31,4
1,5
52: 51. The orbital pointer from mf
7
73,7
4,3
5
74,1
4,0
54. Nose width
6
26,2
2,6
5
25,2
1,3
55. Nose height
7
51,1
3,2
5
51,4
2,7
54: 55. Nasal pointer
6
51,4
6,6
5
49,2
4,1
SC. Simotic width
7
8,7
2,5
5
9,4
1,9
SS. Simotic height
7
3,8
1,4
5
4,7
0,8
SS : SC. Simotic index
7
42,9
7,4
5
50,6
5,3
DC. Dacrial width
3
22,9
0,7
4
21,6
1,2
DS. Dacrial height
3
11,7
1,1
4
12,8
0,9
DS : DC. Dacrial index
3
50,9
4,5
4
59,5
7,1
77. Nasomalar angle
6
143,3
3,2
5
140,8
4,4
Hzm'. Zygomaxillary angle
5
131,0
6,2
5
127,2
4,8
72. General face angle
5
83,8
4,0
5
83,8
3,7
75 (1). Nose protrusion angle
1
30,0
-
3
33,0
2,6
the vectors and positions of groups in the diagram do not differ significantly, so their results are reflected on the same graph. The first two canonical vectors (KB I and II) were the most significant for differentiating the analyzed series, covering a total of approx. 2/3 of the total feature variability (Table 4). The position of groups in the space of these vectors is shown in Figure 4.
The features that determine the direction of variation according to KB I, first of all, are the angles of horizontal profiling of the facial skeleton, the angle of protrusion of the nose, the height of the face and the longitudinal diameter of the skull. According to the loads, in the series with a weakened horizontal profile of the facial skeleton and a low face, the skulls are characterized by a weak protrusion of the nose and brachycrania. It is obvious that the revealed combination of traits differentiates groups by the degree of expression of the laponoid complex, and the regions of extreme values for the first vector (the greatest expression of this complex) are occupied by the Sami. They are opposed by the Swedish and southern Finnish series.
The direction of variation in the second canonical vector is determined by the height of the cranium and the positively associated width of the skull, forehead, face, face height, and nose protrusion angle. It can be noted that here, too, a certain (but smaller than in KB I) role is played by the values of the angles of horizontal profiling of the face, and with opposite signs. The load on these attributes is not so high as to reach the threshold of high significance. But with a high skull, a wide forehead, a wide and tall face with sharply protruding nasal bones, the series simultaneously shows a tendency to increase the nasomalar angle with a decrease in the zygomaxillary one.
The position of the groups in the diagram (Fig. 4) confirms the reality of the existence of such a specific type of-
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Table 3. Comparative craniological series from the European North
N n/a
Series
A source
Karelians
1
Alozero
New data
2
Suistamo I
[Khartanovich, 1986]
3
Turha
The same thing
4
Condievoir
"
5
Pekkavuara
"
6
Bokonvoara
"
7
Kompakovo
"
8
Chiksha
"
9
Regjarvi
"
Finns
10
Savo
[Khartanovich, 1995]
11
Hyame
The same thing
12
Uushima
"
13
Helsinki
"
14
Warsinais-Suomi
"
15
Pedersere
"
16
South Pohjanmaa
"
17
Northern Pohjanmaa
"
18
Satakunta
"
19
Ingermanlandia
[Alekseev, 1969]
20
Suistamo II
[Khartanovich, 1986]
21
Kurkieki
[Khartanovich, 1990]
Estonians
22
Cab
[Mark, 1956]
23
Kohtla-Jarve
The same thing
24
Warball Machine
"
25
Aimla
[Mark, 1956]
26
Mountain ash
The same thing
Izhora
27
Lippovo
[Khartanovich, 2004a]
Komi-Zyryans
28
Podielsk
[Khartanovich, 1991]
29
Mane
The same thing
Sami people
30
North Salma
[Khartanovich, 20046]
31
Chalmny-Warre
[Khartanovich, 1980]
32
Pulozero
The same thing
33
Varzino
"
34
Yokanga
"
35
Finland
[Alekseev, 1974]
The Swedes
36
Ruhnu Island
The same thing
37
Finland
"
Russians
38
Arkhangelsk Province.
[Alekseev, 1969]
39
Olonets province.
The same thing
40
Novgorod Province.
"
41
Pskov province.
"
42
Sebezh
"
43
Vologda region.
"
44
Staraya Ladoga
"
45
Kizhi I
[Khartanovich, Shirobokov, 2009]
46
Kizhi II
The same thing
See Table 4. Loads on canonical vectors for 46 craniological series from the European North (male skulls)
Sign
KB I
KB II
1
0,512
-0,108
8
-0,310
0,541
17
0,177
0,942
9
0,136
0,425
45
-0,250
0,467
48
0,553
0,456
77
-0,780
0,384
Zm
-0,550
-0,288
SS :SC
0,026
0,095
75(1)
0,517
0,406
Variability coverage, %
41,4
22,9
It is a unique craniological complex that unites Karelian, Komi-Zyryan series and groups of other ethnic origin with similar morphological characteristics. The opposite area is occupied by the Sami, Swedish, and some Finnish and Estonian series.
In general, of all the analyzed groups, it is the Karelian and Sami groups that form the most isolated clusters in the diagram, and the morphological complexes presented in them set the general directions of differentiation of the series. The main part of the groups of Estonians, Russians, and Finns occupies a common field of values, which is most likely due to their relatively neutral position in relation to both the laponoid and specific Northern European complex of features characteristic of Karelians, Komi-Zyryans, and Izhora. As a trend, however, we can point to some
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4. Position of 46 craniological series (males) from the territory of the European North in the space of canonical vectors I and II, a -Karelians; b-Finns; c-Estonians; d-Izhora; e - Komizyrans; e-Sami; f-Swedes; h-Russians; i - "high-headed" (A1) and "low-headed" (A2) morphological variants identified within the Alozero sample. Numbering of groups according to Table 3.
the shift of certain Finnish and Estonian series relative to the Russian groups towards the Sami ones, which can be explained by the historically and geographically determined contacts of a part of the Baltic-Finnish population and groups of the Laponoid anthropological type. Among the series of Russian skulls, an exception is one sample of the Kizhi Pogost, which is located in the area of values of the Sami groups. The population that left a burial ground on Kizhi Island has two distinct anthropological variants. One of them is morphologically close to the laponoid characteristics, while the other shows similarity with the Karelian complex (Khartanovich and Shirobokov, 2009).
The total Alozero series, of course, "fits" into the specific complex presented in Karelia, occupying an intermediate position between the groups of Northern and Central Karelia. At the same time, the identification of two morphological variants in its composition allowed us to assume the participation of populations of different anthropological types in the formation of the population that left the burial ground.
From the position of the groups in the diagram, it follows that the Alozero sample of skulls with a high cranium (A1)is as close as possible to the Karelian series from Chiksha, a geographically close locality. Here we present the most "archaic" version of the specific Karelian complex, which was typical of the population of the Western and Northwestern Ladoga region up to the time of the mass migration of Karelians to the territory of modern Central and Northern Karelia and was most preserved in the groups of northern Karelians.
At the same time, the results of canonical analysis showed that the Alozero sample of skulls with a small (by Karelian scales) cranial box height (A2) goes beyond the variation of the Karelian-specific complex of features. It is located on the diagram in the area of values of the groups of Russian northern provinces and Finns of Finland. The anthropological variant presented here is close to the characteristics of Finns, primarily from the Prov. Khyam, and the Russian population, which probably included a certain Baltic-Finnish substratum. Apparently, this anthropological complex can be associated with immigrants from the interior of Finland, the Finnish population itself, who also developed the territory of North Karelia, as evidenced by the historical sources cited above.
Discussion of the results
Thus, the conducted analysis gives grounds to conclude that there were two anthropological types in the composition of the population of North Karelia of the late XVII - early XIX centuries that left the Alozero burial ground. One of them seems to be common to Karelians throughout their settlement area. Moreover, in the northern, most geographically isolated areas, it is expressed in its most specific form. This is a massive, very high height of the skull with a wide, rather high, somewhat flattened at the upper level and clinognathous at the middle level of the face, combined with strongly protruding nasal bones relative to the profile line.
The second anthropological type, which differs sharply from the prevailing one in the Karelian groups, was first identified in materials from the Northwestern part of the Russian Federation.
page 149
Karelia. It is primarily close to the craniological complex of the population of the interior of Finland. Apparently, it also took part to some extent in the formation of the anthropological composition of the inhabitants of the region under study.
It should be emphasized that there are no traces of the laponoid anthropological type, which could be associated with the substrate Sami population of the "Lop pogosts", in the studied materials. The results of the analysis rather confirm the assumption that the Karelians moved far to the north during a rather small historical period. Probably, the hypothesis is also true, according to which, when they moved to the territory of North-Western Karelia, the processes of displacement of the Sami population, if it did exist there, prevailed over the processes of its assimilation.
Thus, the morphological characteristics of none of the three currently known northern Karelian series give grounds to speak about the interaction of Karelian immigrants with Sami groups as a significant factor in the formation of the anthropological composition of the population of Northwestern Karelia. Perhaps, by the time the Karelians arrived here, the Sami had already left these places, or perhaps they were finally displaced by immigrants without assimilation recorded by anthropological sources. It is also possible that the population referred to in various sources as "leshaya Lop" or "Lapps" does not have a direct, at least anthropological, relationship to the modern Sami.
The modern Sami people live in the vast territories of four different states, but they differ from the surrounding peoples and share common basic elements of culture, language and, undoubtedly, anthropological features. On the one hand, residents of the villages of Alozero, Kokorino, Korelakshi and Voknavoloka close to it have recorded traditions that they are descended from"lapps". Some researchers use this as an argument in favor of the significant role of the Sami component in the region (Kuzmin, 2005). On the other hand, we do not have any historical sources indicating specific places of residence of the Sami people in the western regions of North Karelia; we do not find traces of the laponoid anthropological type in the craniological series.
It is suggested and justified that the term "lop"/ " Lopari "is not an ethnonym that denotes the ancient population of the vast area of the European North related to the modern Sami, where similar toponyms are recorded or there are historical sources about the" Lopari "/"Lopi" living there. The term can refer to ethnically and anthropologically diverse groups of temporary migrants (refugees) to the remote forest regions of Karelia and Finland. It seems quite correct to assume that " these are not ethnic formations, even at the stage of disintegration, but rather groups or collectives united by the method of extracting the means of subsistence, which stand out significantly from the background of the main population, with a productive type of economy. A logical comparison of these Lapps with the Sami of Northern Fennoscandia on economic grounds is still acceptable, but attributing them to the southern branch of the Sami is completely unfounded " [Shumkin, 1991, p. 146].
According to the latest field surveys, there are no archaeological data that "allow us to unambiguously identify the "Lop" of the XV-XVI centuries on the territory of Karelia and the Sami ethnic group. The "Lopar antiquities" of Western and Northern Karelia, described by ethnographers in the second half of the XIX century, which are associated with local legends, could have belonged to the Karelian population of the XV-XVIII centuries " [Shakhnovich, 2007, p. 242]. And "not a single indisputable category of things of" Sami "origin has yet been identified within the borders of the region under consideration" [Spiridonov, German, Melnikov, 2006, p. 402].
As early as the end of the 20th century, the inhabitants of Central Karelia referred to all those living further north, even within the same microregion ,as "lappalahet" - "lapper" (Yukkoguba..., 2001). Finally, during the work of the Northern European Paleoanthropological Group of the MAE RAS in Karelia in the 70s - 80s of the last century, we ourselves repeatedly heard from informants that "lapps" do not live in this area, but in "50-100 km to the north". The term itself was rather negative, pejorative, meaning " backward provincials living in remote northern places." Moreover, we received such information even in the most northern regions. Of course, there were no Sami people anywhere. The tradition probably has a long history. In the well-known encyclopedic work of I. Schaeffer "Lapponia" there is information that during the first crusade of the Swedish King Eirik the Saint to Southern Finland in 1155, part of the local population moved north and received the name "lapps" from the remaining inhabitants with the meaning "outcasts, exiles" (see: [Shumkin, 1991, p. 146]).
We should once again pay attention to the fact that at the Alozero burial ground, for the first time on Karelian monuments, we encountered cases of violation of early burials by late ones. Usually, when the territory reserved for burials was "filled in", the burial ground was moved to another place. In the absence of tombstones, the historical memory of early burials was preserved. It seems possible to assume that the people who produced at the mo-
page 150
there are "late" burials in the Alozero cemetery, they did not know about the existence of an earlier burial complex here precisely because of the lack of historical memory, and there were no tombstone structures.
Recall that all the skulls assigned to the" low-headed "variant, which is similar to the anthropological characteristics of the Finnish population, come only from grave fillings or from scree, i.e., most likely, they are earlier in relation to the" high-headed " sample from undisturbed burials and scree. Thus, it is very likely that a significant difference in the craniological complex of the two groups identified in the Alozero series is also accompanied by a chronological gap between them, i.e., this territory was inhabited at different times by populations that were different in anthropological terms.
Does the group identified in Alozero, which is similar in its anthropological characteristics to the Finns and, most likely, left the earliest burials on the monument, represent descendants of the above-mentioned exiles - "lapps" of the XII century? Or is it related to a later migration of the population, which was different in its anthropological characteristics from the Sami, but was also part of the inhabitants of Northwestern Karelia, who were called "lapps"by their southern neighbors? It is still impossible to answer these questions unambiguously due to the small number of skulls from Alozero and the lack of earlier craniological materials from this region. However, the available data suggest that the composition of "Lesha lopi", at least, was not limited to representatives of the laponoid anthropological type.
Conclusion
Morphological characteristics of the total series of male skulls from Alozero are generally similar to those of other Karelian series. At the same time, it consists of two anthropological variants. One - "high-headed" -brings the sample as close as possible to the present-day groups of Northwestern Karelia, which differ from the southern ones in their greatest massiveness, cranial height, and large zygomatic diameter. On the whole, the morphological complex of North Karelian skulls, including parts of the Alozero skulls, seems to be the most "archaic" - similar to that which was widespread in the Baltic area in the Mesoneolithic era [Denisova, 1975; Khartanovich, 1986, 1991] - and characterizes the anthropological appearance of the medieval "gorela" [Khartanovich and Shirobokov, 2008, 2010]. Probably, it was in the northern, geographically isolated areas of the Karelians that the extremely specific anthropological type, which in ancient times was characteristic of the population of the Eastern Baltic area, was preserved until recently. Its distinctive features are the massiveness and very high height of the skull, a broad and rather high face, somewhat flattened at the upper horizontal level and clinognathous at the middle with sharply protruding nasal bones relative to the profile line.
Another anthropological variant identified in the Alozero series - "low-headed" - is most closely related to the complex represented by the Finns of the prov. Hyame. Probably, this proximity reflects the participation in the composition of the population of Alozer of ancient or late groups that were natives of the interior of Finland.
It should be emphasized that the northern Karelian series of skulls close to the present time most sharply differ in the complex of craniological features from the Sami of Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula, which are characterized by the predominance of completely different features - the laponoid anthropological type. Traces of this type, the presence of which could be associated with the substrate Sami population of the "Lop graveyards", are not recorded in the new, earlier material from the Alozero burial ground. In general, the morphological characteristics of none of the three currently known northern Karelian series give grounds to speak about the interaction of Karelian immigrants with Sami groups as a significant factor in the formation of the anthropological composition of the population of Northwestern Karelia. Probably, when the Karelians moved to this territory, the processes of displacement of the Sami, if they were still there, completely prevailed over the processes of their assimilation.
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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 02.07.10. The final version was published on 06.09.10.
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