Libmonster ID: SE-584
Author(s) of the publication: E. V. GORSKAYA

In this article we will discuss the peculiarities of the Pskov dialect of the early XIV century, which were reflected in Church Slavonic liturgical books rewritten in Pskov. We used four parchment codices for analysis: Prologue, September-February, 1st (Short) edition (1313), Prologue, March-August, 1st (Short) edition (beginning of the XIV century), Shestodnev official (about 1312). Paremeynik (1312-1313).

The study of the Pskov language began in the XIX century. A. I. Sobolevsky devoted the second part of "Essays from the History of the Russian Language" to the Pskov dialect. Dialect material was extracted from Pskov manuscripts for the first time. The scientist restored a number of linguistic features of the Pskov dialect, analyzed 9 manuscripts, but did not touch on the named monuments. N. M. Kariysky in the book "The Language of Pskov and its regions in the XV century" investigated the language of Pskov manuscripts from the period of the second South Slavic influence, also drawing on earlier texts, such as the Paremeinik of 1271 and the Paremeinik of 1312-1313.: and from the latter, I analyzed only the output record.

It is known that the priest Andrey Mikulinsky and his son Kozma Popovich took part in the creation of the manuscripts under consideration, among others. There is an assumption that there was a scriptorium at the church in which Andrey, the "priest of Mikulinsky", served. It was in scriptoriums that the writing rules were taught. But even with the most thorough correspondence of the text, scribes, being professionals, could not fail to reflect the peculiarities of the language of which they were native speakers.

The analyzed manuscripts reflect on the letter a phenomenon that is characteristic of-

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In particular, the occurrence of combinations of oro, olo, er in accordance with the original yr, yl, lr in the position between consonants is characteristic of the north-western dialects of the Old Russian language. Such forms are also found in modern, mainly northern, dialects of the Russian language: molonya, ve-rekh. As the researchers note ," in the monuments of writing after the era of the fall of the reduced, this phenomenon is reflected not only in the rather rare spellings oro, olo, er, but also in the more common spellings yr, yl, yr, or or, yro, ol, ylo, y, bre " (Ivanov V. V., Iordanidi S. I. etc. Old Russian Grammar of the XII-XIII centuries, Moscow, 1995). Similar examples are found in these codes both at the end of the line when hyphenating, and outside of this condition, for example: "plk, besmyten, outvrzhayushchikhsya"; "stl/pink, dl/zhnii, dl'gomou, skvrenomou"; "mlchaniyu, dyznoveniyum"; "grdost, svrshitlya, vrkhvnei, oumyretvisya".

Scribes often have a clucking sound - a significant feature of Pskov monuments. In manuscripts, this phenomenon is reflected in the confusion of the letters c and h. For example, c in accordance with h: "tsislou, velitsay, poroutsiti, tsim"; "kontsiny, kontsinu, ounitsisha"; "ventsasha"; h v-ts: "lovcha, troichu, narichaemago"; "lestvichu, khodataichu"; "nari-chayum, na oulichakh, chyrnorizch, sich, prorichayut, skopchem, ko-upech, treticheyu";" narichayu, nich, chernchem, narichashe sya";"naricha - yute, prorichakh".

This material indicates that the living language of scribes does not distinguish between the phonemes (c) and (h). When writing the letters c and h, scribes had to resort to special rules. Such rules definitely existed, only on the basis of this, it is possible to explain the correct use of the letters (c and h in most cases. Reconstruction of similar rules that correlate differences in spelling with differences in colloquial pronunciation is proposed in the works of V. M. Zhivov (Zhivov V. M. Rules and pronunciation in Russian Church Slavonic spelling of the XI-XIII centuries / / Russian Linguistics. 1984. N 8; Zhivov V. M. Once again about the spelling of c and h in ancient Novgorod manuscripts. Ibid., 1986, No. 10).

As is known, in Pskov manuscripts there is a widespread confusion of the letters s and z with sh and zh. This phenomenon is noted in the works of A. I. Sobolevsky, N. M. Kariysky, A. A. Shakhmatov, T. N. Kandaurova; z-z - " zi-vodavchya, postyzaetsya, preze, ouzasesya, nedvizimou, zizni"sh-s -" svo-bozhsyumou, zachensi, nasemu, prised, proseni, outeseniem, shiloyu".

This spelling can be explained by the reflection of a characteristic feature of the Pskov dialect: the coincidence of the sounds [s'] and [z'] with [w'] and [w']. As noted by A. A. Zaliznyak, in the Old Moscow dialect there was a coincidence of l" (s') and g' (z'), respectively, with s (w') and f (w'). The resulting single phonemes can be designated as l', z, in Cyrillic-s, z. This is called shokanye (or lisp): s'ila, s 'is,' six, z'ima,

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3'aloba, 'complaint' (Zaliznyak, A. A. Drevnenovgorodsky dialect, Moscow, 1995).

The origin of the Pskov lisp, which was a "non-discrimination of whistling and hissing", is usually associated with the influence of the language (or languages), the phonetic system of which includes only whistling consonants - Finnish and Baltic (Gluskina S. M. Morphonological observations on the ch sound in Pskov dialects // Pskov dialects. I. Pskov, 1962; Kuznetsova A.M. Varieties of the method of consonant formation in Russian dialects / / Experimental phonetic research in the field of Russian dialectology. Moscow, 1977).

It is known that in book texts, the sound combination that arose from the Proto-Slavic combinations *zdj, *zgj was transmitted by the letters zhd. Scribes either retained this spelling or replaced it. Novgorod and Pskov manuscripts have in such cases the letter combination zhg: dzzhg, dozhg; Galician-Volyn-letters zhch: vzhchelesha. Some researchers see in this spelling purely orthographic variants that denote the same sound combination (Gerovsky M. I. Old Russian spellings zhch, zhg and g before the front vowels. Questions of linguistics. 1959. N 4). A. I. Sobolevsky considered the spelling of zhg as a reflection of the lively pronunciation of Novgorod and Pskov scribes. According to A. A. Zaliznyak, the spelling of zhg also has a phonetic motivation, since the combinations *zdj, *zgj were given in the Old Moscow dialect [zg'j.

As a rule, in such cases, in the manuscripts under consideration, zhg is written: prigvozhgaem, prigvozhgaem; dzh'g, bezdzhgiyu, dzh'gev-nii, dzh'gevi, prigvozhgen; dzh'g. jjgit; prigvozhgen, jjgya; dozhg, prigvozhgeni.

So, from the characteristic features of the Pskov dialect of the XIV century, reflected in the manuscripts under consideration, we can note: tsokanye, shokanye, writing zhg (in all probability, reflecting a lively pronunciation) in accordance with the sound unit obtained from the Proto-Slavic combinations *zdj, *zgj.


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E. V. GORSKAYA, Pskov dialect of the beginning of the XIV century // Stockholm: Swedish Digital Library (LIBRARY.SE). Updated: 30.07.2024. URL: https://library.se/m/articles/view/Pskov-dialect-of-the-beginning-of-the-XIV-century (date of access: 10.02.2025).

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