Libmonster ID: SE-646
Author(s) of the publication: E. V. SITNIKOVA

In the grammar of the modern Russian language, there are moments that cause difficulties in the traditional syntactic analysis and placement of punctuation marks in a sentence. They are associated with the existence of a "mysterious" part of speech - the category of state, or impersonal predicatives. The difficulty lies in the fact that nouns, high-quality short names, adjectives, and high-quality adverbs, acting in an atypical predicate function in an impersonal sentence, change the categorical reference and acquire the meaning of the state: "His face was cold"; "Everywhere is dry and cold, small light bulbs sparkle" (Gorky); "You are a little cold" (Turgenev).

In the first example, "cold" is expressed as a short neuter adjective and is part of a predicate in a two-part sentence. In the second case, an adverb that performs the syntactic function of a circumstance of the course of action. In the third sentence, the word "cold" cannot be attributed either to adjectives (since there is no object whose sign it would directly denote), or to adverbs (since the word does not express a sign of action or other sign).

Let's take another example: "Now it's hard for me to fall in love, It's awkward and funny to sigh, It's reckless to believe in Hope, It's a sin to deceive my husbands" (A. S. Pushkin. The italics are mine. - E. S.). Here socheta-

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Also, the selected words associated with the infinitive cannot be attributed to traditional adverbs and short forms of adjectives. What is it? Let's turn to the scientific facts.

Initial attempts to understand the nature of impersonal predicates were made in the works of Russian linguists of the XIX century. They had in common the interpretation of these words as similar to the verb. Thus, A. Kh. Vostokov considered predicatives in the section of his grammar that deals with impersonal verbs (Vostokov A. Kh. Russian Grammar, St. Petersburg, 1859, pp. 80-81). The well-known Russian linguist N. P. Nekrasov qualified the words full, funny as peculiar verb forms derived from adjectives (Nekrasov N. P. On the meaning of Russian verb forms, St. Petersburg, 1865, p. 248). Academician A. A. Shakhmatov, classifying adverbs, notes in the section "Adverbs of being, states, verbals": "Perhaps, in the same category: cold, hot, sorry, afraid, scary, frosty, etc.D. " (Shakhmatov A. A. Syntax of the Russian language, Leningrad, 1941, p. 503). Regarding syntactic properties, the author points out the function of the predicate. A. M. Peshkovsky, listing the ways of expressing the predicate, notes the words "" which are remarkable in that they are not adverbs, i.e., they do not denote a sign, but are nevertheless used only for verbs, and not for any verb, but almost exclusively for the verb "to be" (it was impossible - it will not be, it was a shame - it will be a shame...) "" (Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. 1956. P. 166).

For the first time, the question of lexical and grammatical independence of impersonal predicative words was raised in the article of Academician L. V. Shcherba "On parts of speech in the Russian language". Drawing attention to the fact that in the Russian language there remains "a number of words.., the summation of which under any category is difficult" (it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is time, it is a pity, etc.), the scientist first refers them "on the formal sign of immutability" to adverbs, emphasizing that these words "are used with a bunch and they function as the predicate of impersonal sentences. However, upon closer examination, it turns out that they do not fall under the category of adverbs, since they do not relate either to the verb, or to the adjective, or to another adverb" (Shcherba L. V. On parts of speech in the Russian language / / Collection "Russian Speech" edited by L. V. Shcherba. L., 1928. p. 16). To the above words, the author adds cold, light, fun and others in sentences: It was getting cold outside; the room was bright; we were having a lot of fun, etc.P. "Perhaps," writes L. V. Shcherba, " we are dealing here with a special category of state... The formal feature of this category would be immutability, on the one hand, and use with a bundle, on the other "(Ibid., p. 17). And further: "... these are words in conjunction with a copula, which, however, are neither full adjectives nor a nominative-

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they are expressed either by an unchangeable form, or by the form of a noun with a preposition, or by forms with generic endings: - zero for the masculine gender, - a for the feminine gender, - o, - e (sincerely) for the neuter gender, or by the form of the creative case of nouns (which then loses its normal, that is, instrumental meaning)" (Ibid.); "If you do not recognize the presence of the category of state in the Russian language, then words such as pora, cold, tipsy, etc. still cannot be considered adverbs, and they remain outside the categories" (Shcherba L. V. Language system and speech activity. L., 1974. p. 91).

The formal features of this category, according to the scientist, are immutability, use with a bunch, independence from verbs and nouns. "The meaning of the state can also be expressed in other parts of speech, for example, short adjectives (I'm ready, I have to, I'm happy), verbs (I'm having fun, he's angry, he's sad), a combination of a noun with a copula verb (he was a soldier, I was a coward in this scene, I was the instigator in this in fact)" (Ibid.).

After the works of E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, a category is defined as a class of impersonal-predicative words with the meaning of a state (person, nature, environment). But even with such a uniform approach, the vocabulary of this lexical and grammatical category is still not strictly defined: its boundaries are either narrowed or expanded. Some linguists also refer to impersonal predicative words na-o with the meaning of state, which represent the core of the category, as passive participles na-no, - that such as pito-edeno, destined, ordered, forbidden (V. V. Vinogradov, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, I. Sapozhnikov, L. A. Korobchinskaya); short forms of names adjectives such as glad, ready, should, must (V. V. Vinogradov, V. P. Timofeev, L. A. Korobchinskaya); phraseological combinations such as not under force, not by myself (V. V. Vinogradov, V. M. Panfilov, A. I. Valkova, A. N. Tikhonov); verbs such as enough, will be (A. N. Korobchinskaya).. Tikhonov). The number of words in the status category associated with nouns also does not match for different linguists.

Of great importance in the development of the theory of impersonal predicative words was the research of academician V. V. Vinogradov, described in his book "The Russian Language" in 1947. In his opinion, the category of state includes non-declinable nominal and adverbial words that have tense forms and are used only in the function of the predicate. Words belonging to this category express an "inactive" state, which can be thought of impersonally or attributed to one or another person. Having emphasized that the category of state develops in modern Russian mainly due to adverbs and adjectives, V. V. Vinogradov ranks it as one of them.

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The author identifies four lexical and semantic groups for the words glad, much, should, solon, etc.:

1) words denoting a feeling, emotional state, or psychological experience: sad, fun, joyful, etc.;

2) words that describe the physical state: hungry, ticklish, sick, etc.;

3) words denoting the state of nature: dry, warm, dark, etc.;

4) words that refer to the state of the environment: cozy, deserted, etc. "(Vinogradov V. V. Russian language. Grammatical teaching about the word. Uchpedgiz, M.-L., 1947. p. 336).

Developing the doctrine of the category of state, N. S. Pospelov almost entirely shares the point of view of V. V. Vinogradov, but does not include in this category short adjectives, since they vary by gender and numbers, and short passive participles, because they have the forms of the voice and the form (Pospelov N. S. In defense of the category of state. Questions of linguistics. 1955. N 2). A. N. Tikhonov points out that the words of the category of state are used "in the function of the predicate of an impersonal sentence or in the role of a predicate of a two-part sentence with an infinitive subject" (Tikhonov A. N. The category of state in modern Russian. Samarkand, 1960. p. 5). In addition, he believes that impersonal-predicative words are an analytical category that has forms of all three tenses and two moods (indicative and subjunctive), and with a semi-abstract copula, there are also forms of the form. In the Russian Grammars of 1970 and 1980, such words are considered under the names "predicatives "and"predicative adverbs".

What is this category? In appearance, the words of the state category are similar to short neuter adjectives and adverbs (hot, sad), to nouns (laziness, time), but these are only grammatical homonyms. Impersonal predicatives differ from short forms of adjectives by the lack of agreement in gender and number with the subject - subject, since they are unchangeable and there can be no subject in the nominative case. Moreover, the words of the state category are found only in impersonal constructions, being a predicate, that is, the core of the sentence. They can control the form of the dative case of the subject (I'm sad), the accusative object (it hurts my hand), the genitive with a preposition (far from the city), the instrumental and prepositional with a preposition (noisy outside the door, hot in the room).

Such words differ from adverbs in that they never define the personal form of the verb. If impersonal predicatives often denote the state (in static) inherent in any subject in the dative case, then many adverbs do not have the meaning of state.-

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I'm not in general (fast, slow, brave, sharp, gradual), so they can't become predicates and transform into a state category. Unlike nouns, they denote not an object, but an assessment of the state relative to the length of time (it's time to go, it's time to get up) or a strong-willed state from a moral and ethical point of view (it's a shame to look at it; it's just a torment to look at it; it's a sin to offend old people). These words do not change and are used only as part of the predicate of an impersonal sentence.

The category of state includes words that have analytical forms of inflection, express an inactive state (of a person, nature, environment) that is not related to the idea of its producer, and perform the function of the main member in an impersonal sentence. Words of this category have analytical categories of tense, type, mood (indicative and subjunctive). The history of the development of this linguistic phenomenon is associated with the ability of adjectives to perform the function of an integral part of the predicate, which translates them into the sphere of predicative relations, when real prerequisites are created for distracting a feature from its carrier and changing the syntactic position of the original adjective. The word becomes a grammatical transformation (I am alone. - I'm lonely).

There are certain criteria for identifying parts of speech: a set of semantic, morphological, syntactic, and word-forming features. Let's look at the main features of the status category.

Semantically , it is united by the general meaning of the state, which gets a categorical expression and allows you to distinguish different semantic groups of these words (the physical or mental state of the subject, the state of the object, the environment, etc.).

Morphological features: 1. Immutability (absence of inflection forms). 2. The presence of the suffix-o in most words. 3. Analytical categories of tense, type and mood, forms of comparison (synthetic and analytical) in words on-o, which is explained by their origin from short qualitative adjectives and qualitative adverbs (It became hot, but it can be even hotter (hotter); In this case, the number of words in-o is higher than in-o). the room is the hottest). 4. Correlation with those adjectives, adverbs and nouns from which they are derived: Her face is very sad-adjective; She looked at me sadly-adverb; I am sad because you are happy-state category. It was the autumn mushroom season-a noun; It's time: the feather asks for peace... - status category. 5. Loss of a number of impersonal-predicative words from the system of relations (shame does not correlate with the word shameful, fearful - with fear, conscientious - with conscientious). 6. A number of words of the status category in modern Russian have absolutely no homonyms (sorry, possible, necessary).

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but, it must, must, tickle, do not know, do not feel, do not feel, etc.), which indicates their morphological originality and gives the right to some linguists to consider such words as the core of the category.

Syntactic features: 1. The function of an impersonal predicative term in the predicate structure. 2. A mandatory syntactic connection with a bundle of existing, or zero abstract (to be), or semi-abstract (to become, to become, to become, to become, to seem, to appear, to appear). 3. The category of state acts as an independent main member of the impersonal sentence, being its core, and therefore does not enter into a subordinate relationship with other words.

Word formation of this group is also not similar to others:

1. Morphological and syntactic way of word formation, that is, as a result of grammatical transformation of various parts of speech.

2. A common word-forming feature with adjectives and qualitative adverbs: the possibility of forming forms of subjective assessment: dark, hot, cold, calm, etc.

Only by relying on the existing system of signs can we recognize the presence in modern Russian of such a part of speech as the category of state. Moreover, "later formed grammatical categories are defined more syntactically than morphologically" (Vinogradov V. V. From the history of studying Russian syntax, Moscow, 1958, p. 128), so the syntactic criterion played a crucial role in determining the morphological status of this group of words.

Practice shows that a significant number of punctuation errors occur in complex constructions, some of which include sentences with words such as: fun, sad, quiet, necessary, possible, impossible, etc. (I feel sad, and the rain doesn't stop...; It's quiet, sunny, and the first sticky leaves look emerald in the sun; I need to do my homework, and I reluctantly open my textbook; It's warm outside, and I need to run to the yard as soon as possible). Information about the "new" part of speech should make it easier to find the grammatical basis in an impersonal sentence, which is very important for observing punctuation standards.


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