Libmonster ID: SE-585
Author(s) of the publication: O. V. Nikitin

The curriculum of philological faculties of universities and pedagogical institutes contains a course on general linguistics, or, as it is also called, the history of linguistic teachings, designed to highlight the main stages of the formation and development of Russian and world linguistic thought: from antiquity and the Middle Ages to the current state of science. Strange as it may seem now, when there is generally a good selection of specialized literature, the courses and anthologies written several decades ago by V. A. Zvegintsev and F. M. Berezin, and even earlier by V. Thomsen and Y. V. Loi, are still widely used. Modern science and the tools of development in the field of linguistics that have received a new impetus need to be rethought from new, more appropriate positions, taking into account new trends, literature, and views. V. M. Alpatov's book, published in the second edition of the series "Languages of Russian Culture" (Moscow, 1999; 1st ed.-Moscow, 1998), is intended to solve these problems.

It is worth noting first of all the harmonious concept of the textbook by V. M. Alpatov, which highlighted the main directions of linguistic thought in the XVI-XX centuries, and gave a qualified analysis and assessment of the activities of outstanding linguists. As the author writes in the Preface to his work, he sought to "consider the history of linguistics somewhat more broadly" than it has traditionally developed, "mentioning the most important concrete positive results obtained by the science of language in the course of its development" (p.9).

Fundamental in linguistics, as in other exact sciences, is the question of traditions, which opens the book V. M. Alpatov. It is impossible to understand the development of science without understanding the "civilizational space" and its philosophical impact on people. The scientist notes five main linguistic traditions that later determined the general course of scientific thought in this area: Indian, Ancient, Chinese, Arabic, and Japanese. In the same part, the author highlights the problems of synchrony-diachrony, defines the state of the "language of culture", writes about how the historical approach to understanding and describing language developed, and highlights the attitude of different traditions to the norm.

The subsequent chapters of the book analyze in more detail the state of linguistics in later times, in the XVIII-XX centuries. V. M. Alpatov traces the formation of the comparative historical method, devoting separate chapters to the activities of W. von Humboldt and A. Schleicher, MLAs-

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dogrammatism (here the author also refers to the views of Russian scientists, representatives of the Moscow Linguistic School-F. F. Fortunatov, A. A. Shakhmatov, V. K. Porzhezinsky, etc. on linguistic traditions, notes the innovation of grammatical ideas and the obsolescence of the general theoretical approach to language, etc.). V. M. Alpatov's chapter "Dissidents of Indo-Europeanism" highlights the views of X. Schuchardt, the French - Swiss school of "linguistic geography" by J. Gileron, and here he also speaks about the influence of N. J. Marr's ideas on the development of linguistic thought in the XX century. The chapters on N. V. Krushevsky and I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A. Meillet, and J. P. Blavatsky are read with great interest. Vandries, E. Sapire, whose activities had a significant impact on the formation of modern linguistics. Among the trends in linguistics of the XX century, the author highlights and separately tells about glossemantics, the Prague Linguistic Circle, descriptivism, and structuralism.

A chapter on Soviet linguistics of the 1920s and 1950s has been written with great knowledge and information, which highlights the activities and works of the older generation of linguists-G. A. Ilinsky, A.M. Selishchev, L. V. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, and also examines the ideas of G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov, N. F. Yakovlev and others. Moscow Phonological School. Here, too, much attention is paid to the development of typology in the USSR and one of the central figures of this direction - Academician I. I. Meshchaninov. In subsequent editions, it would be advisable to highlight separately the activities of Academician V. V. Vinogradov, who was at the center of scientific research of Russian philologists of the XX century. The book ends with chapters about E. Kurilovich, R. Jacobson, and N. Chomsky.

Each chapter of the book ends with a selection of the main literature: both articles and individual publications that allow readers to get acquainted in more detail with the works of leading experts in a particular field of linguistics. In our opinion, the appendices to the book were successfully compiled, including biographical and chronological tables of events. The chronology of Russian translations of foreign linguistics, as well as a list of publications by classics of Russian linguistics and centers of linguistic thought, will also be very useful for students of the history of linguistic teachings. The subject index is very detailed, reflecting the basic concepts of linguistics and their brief description.

In general, it should be recognized that the new book by V. M. Alpatov will adequately fill the existing gap in manuals of this kind, and reading it, we will not remain indifferent to the history of science and the intonation of the author himself, who with great respect, easily and in a new way illuminated the complex problems of world linguistics.


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