This question is often heard in the villages of the north of the Lipetsk region, and it concerns the so-called street, unofficial, undocumented surnames.

Probably, there is no place in Russia where namesakes and namesakes would not live. Under such conditions, native speakers-and especially members of small, closed village societies-have developed a rich system of face differentiation. One of its most specific links is street surnames.

Little has been written about such anthroponyms in the onomastic literature, and this largely explains the differences in terms and in their understanding. So, there is a concept of a nickname surname as an unofficial one formed from a nickname (Shchetinin L. M. Words, names, things. Ros-tov-n / D., 1966; Podolskaya N. V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic Terminology, Moscow, 1978). "Sometimes peculiar nicknames-surnames are used, that is, names given in the order of nicknames, but externally formed as surnames" (Zinin S. I., Superanskaya A.V. On the collection of anthroponymic material v SSSR // Voprosy uzbekskoy i russkoy filologii [Issues of Uzbek and Russian Philology]. Issue 412. Tashkent, 1971. The italics are ours. - L. M.)

Some researchers call anthroponyms like Kurikhina family nicknames (Vanyushechkin V. T. Semantic and word-forming structure of dialect nicknames // Onomastics of the Volga region. Gorky, 1971. Issue 2). Many scientists use the term "Russian language" for their research. -

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mi unofficial, street surname (Isaeva T. A. Morphemic types and geography of unofficial surnames of the Gorky region // Onomastics of the Volga region. Ufa, 1973. Issue 3; Danilina E. F. Surniya v govore [Surname in the dialect]. Ryazan, 1979) or street, unofficial and selected surnames (Nikulina Z. P. Onomastic family nominations in Russian dialects // Sixth Conference on Onomastics of the Volga region. Volgograd, 1989). Sometimes the term street surname acts as a synonym for a nickname, village surname (Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. Modern Russian surnames. Moscow, 1984), and there are also terms: unofficial, street, household, changeable, replaceable surname (Koroleva I. A. The formation of the Russian anthroponymic system. Moscow, 2000).

Dialect material collected in the north of the Lipetsk region allows us to clarify the set of features inherent in street surnames.

It is important to note that strict attribution of the forms of personal names and nicknames to the means of separating namesakes, and street surnames - to the ways of distinguishing namesakes, is conditional, true only in some cases. Often, in order to distinguish people with the same first names from each other, they are given different street surnames: Katya Vasyatkina - their mother-Vasyutka (Chaplyginsky district; hereinafter-Chpl.). Namesakes are also given various nicknames or names in colloquial forms: Vasily Devyatkin-Vaska-Butuz - was healthy and strong (Chpl.); Anatoly Devyatkin - Big - eyed-bulging eyes (Chpl.).

It is fundamentally important that at the present stage street surnames have become a phenomenon exclusively of village onomastics, and earlier they were also used in cities (see about this in more detail: Uspensky B. A. Social life of Russian surnames // Izbrannye trudy [Selected Works], Moscow, 1994, vol. 2).

Unofficial surnames are close to family and generic nicknames: both types of anthroponyms name a group of relatives and are passed down by inheritance. However, nominative units such as Savkins - their grandfather's name was Savka (Chpl.) cannot be considered nicknames, primarily because in most cases their characteristic function completely disappears (anthroponyms simply turn into an additional, undocumented, neutral surname), and the desire to express the collective's attitude to the family is lost. That is, the norm is the neutral use of such anthroponyms: Semyon Gylin - " Gylin is like a second surname, or something, nerugachaya." The word gyla, gyla from which the anthroponym probably originated, means " Ryazan. dolgay, zherdyay, lanky"; Good - their mother was good, in the body - otseda and them, but no one teases them-just to distinguish (Dankovsky district; further-Dna.); Chuviliny-the bird's name is similar-that's not swearing (Chpl.) - possible

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communication with chuviln (k?)a " volzhsk. ptichka, ptashka" (Dal V. I. Tolkovyi slovar zhivogo velikorusskogo yazyka [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language], Moscow, 1994 * Vol. I, IV; further-Dal).

Nicknames are identical in form to nouns, and the nominative units under consideration structurally coincide with the usual official surnames, having the same formants - - ov - / - ev -, - in - / - yn -, - ih - / - yh -: Kochetovs-a cocky father, like a rooster, a rooster (Dobrovsky district).n; further-Dbr.); Spitsyny-grandfather's father was called a Spoke for his thinness (Dna.); Priblazhnykh (Lebedyansky district; further-Lbd.) - in V. I. Dahl and in the Dictionary of Russian folk dialects: priblazhny - "blissful, slow-witted, holy fool" and "pious, modest pretending" (Arkhangelsk., kostrom., Uralsk., donsk.; Dal. Vol. III; Dictionary of Russian folk dialects; further-SRNG. SPb., 1997. Issue 31).

When considering unofficial surnames, the question naturally arises about their relationship with official ones. V. K. Chichagov called the surname "a hereditary name that passes from generation to generation: from father or mother to son and daughter, from husband to wife, or vice versa" (V. K. Chichagov). From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames. Moscow, 1958). From this definition, it follows that such anthroponyms indicate that a person belongs to a family, and any documented surname shows a relationship to a certain group of people, because it is clear that many people wear it. However, these criteria do not apply to all street names.

Many unofficial surnames, indeed, contain an indication of belonging to a group of relatives, but there are some anthroponyms that name only one person. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish individual and group (collective) street surnames: Manya Vasilyeva - her father is Vasily (Chpl.); Kysurkina - her sister was walking like a cat - and Kysurkina stuck to her in a related way, she doesn't take offense (Chpl.); Bronnikov (Chpl.) - perhaps from bronnik "a master who makes armor and armor in general; "ryazan. blacksmith, gunsmith, locksmith" (Dal. T. I); Samokhins-our grandfather Samokha was (Chpl.).

For individual street surnames, the following pattern is significant: most of them are formed from the forms of personal names: Katya Amelina (Chpl.); Pashkov-grandfather's name was Pashok (Chpl.) - Amelya, Leksakha and Pashok are forms of Amelyan (Emelyan), Alexey and Pavel, respectively.

The most important feature of official surnames is their hereditary transmission. Many street surnames are also passed down from generation to generation, but a significant part of them is not passed down from father to son, etc. This is largely due to the complete oblivion of the person whose name is the basis of the street surname.

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Thus, among street surnames can be distinguished hereditary and non-hereditary. The validity of this thesis is confirmed by the fact that official surnames represent a more or less stable system at the present stage. Undocumented surnames are largely unstable, they are constantly born and disappear. BA Uspensky wrote about this: "They [street surnames. - L. M. They can change from generation to generation and thus resemble nicknames - or, more precisely, the so - called "nickname patronymics" - rather than surnames in the proper sense" (Ouspensky. Edict. op.).

Researchers of street surnames argue that they are formed from names, nicknames, the name of the profession and the place of residence of the head of the family. This can be supported by numerous examples from the north of the Lipetsk region: Buldyzhkin-all their women had legs with bumps (Npl.) - in the dialects under consideration, the buldyzhki appellative means "ugly, thick legs". Gamayenovs (Chpl.) - the SRNG gives the following meanings of the word gamoyun, gamayun, homoyun, which is used in many Russian dialects - "caring, diligent, hardworking", "active, fussy, quarrelsome, noisy", "having speech defects", "a person dissatisfied with his fate" (Uralsk., Kursk., penza., Nizhny Novgorod. et al.; SRNG. Vol. 6); Akinkins < - Akinkya < - Akindin (Dbr.); Daryankins < - Daryanka < - Darya (Chpl.); Bogomazovs - to know, they painted icons (Chpl.); Konovalchikovs. - My mother's grandfather treated cattle (Chpl.); Muscovites-they recently came to live with us from Moscow (Dna.).

Many street surnames in the dialects of the north of the Lipetsk region are formed from the patronymic of the head of the family: Makarychevy < - Makarych (Chpl.), Maksimychevy <- Maksimych (Chpl.).

The considered anthroponyms can also be based on official surnames, which in this case are modified: documented Mutovs (Dbr.), Revins (Dbr.), Rubantsdvys (Chpl.) and unofficial Mutkins (Dbr.), Revyakins (Chpl.), Rubanovs (Chpl.).

Finally, there are some nominative units that immediately appear as street surnames that residents can't explain: Volchkbva (Chpl.), Smolin (Dbr.), Khodeva (Dbr.). It should be noted that this phenomenon is new in Lipetsk onomastics.

The above classification of street surnames is similar in general terms to the semantic and thematic division of official surnames. Since the description of the latter is not part of the purpose of this note, we can refer to the authoritative opinion of O. N. Trubachev, who believed that "a certain general classification is applicable to the surnames of different peoples.": 1) surnames from godfathers 'names; 2) surnames from professions' names; 3) surnames from local names..; 4) nicknames as surnames" (Trubachev O. N. From materials for etymological research).-

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go dictionary of surnames in Russia. Etymology. 1966. Moscow, 1968). There is also no doubt that the morphological and accent characteristics of unofficial and documented anthroponyms of this type coincide.

It should be noted that the street surname of a person belonging to a family is usually used together with the name of the person called. The personal name here is usually neutral, has the form with the most frequent suffixes - this fact indicates that in such a two-component formula, the main, differential element is the street surname: Tanya Volodechkina - her husband's name is Volodechka (Chpl.); Vanya Parashkin - mother's name was Parashka (Chpl.).

Sometimes you can observe the parallel functioning of nicknames (personal and family-generic) and street surnames. When there is a need to identify a person, an individual nickname is used, and when it is necessary to indicate that a person belongs to a group of relatives, a street surname is used (it is not possible to classify the contexts of using family-generic nicknames and street surnames): Abashkins and Abashka-their mother is not serious (Chpl.) - the appellative abashka is found in dialects of the studied territory with meaning "reckless, carefree person".

So, in the north of the Lipetsk region, informal, street surnames are widely distributed, which can perform a differentiating function, thereby eliminating the communicative inconveniences associated with namesakes and namesakes.

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