Libmonster ID: SE-612
Author(s) of the publication: A. N. Kachalkin

In the XVI-XVII centuries, the main role in compiling and changing the names of documents is played by semantic changes, and they are so significant that well-known words begin a new life. Most of these cases occur in the names of legal acts, as well as actions related to office management. The action name is gradually expanding its scope of application, and it is moving into the range of words related to document management, but independent documents do not appear yet. In some documents, there are references to the new activities of the clerk's office. Before the original text with the new name appeared, we find references to acts of Completion, Inspection, Refusal, Subscription, and a number of similar ones. Some of them appear later as the name of a separate text. In any case, the question of the time of appearance of a new act or document interests the researcher, and he seeks to distinguish in business and other texts the names of just actions, records of the fact of action, or the names of new acts or new documents. Identifying self-names in early texts allows us to present the document and document management system in the princely and clerical offices as fully as possible in terms of content and time.

We will try to identify and list cases when it is possible to say with sufficient certainty that the text does not just name an action, but mentions a document or an independent text of a business letter that has a self-name that has developed due to the definition of the action itself.-

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a separate legal act or clerical or clerical action,

Against the fact that we are dealing with a document, with an act that has not yet become one or will not become one later, the mention of the word of interest in another document may speak. Let's name some of the cases when a certain action is recorded in a document with a different self-name: "... and we made an agreement on the disputed lands of Sebezhsky... "(1566); "And according to the agreement with the tselovalnik Semyon and with us, he Ivan also gave us a porush record by himself" (1626); "...having arrived to Moscow, it appeared to him and to the arrival of his memory and witnesses to give the names and those people in the Order... "(1627); " Painting by the policemen of all porukham of the city, after the inspection of Luka Mikulin and the clerk Ivan Lukin..."(1647);"... those old and crippled yasach people were searched, but then the search and their search were described in yasach books exactly..."(1634). The number of similar examples can be multiplied. We believe that in the above and similar cases, the words Contract, Arrival, Inspection cannot be interpreted as a document.

We are more interested in cases where the mention suggests that we are already dealing with a document (or, in extreme cases, with the text of a business letter). Signs of this can be the following: 1-an indication of the fact that the act was recorded in writing, that the word means a separate text; 2-an indication of the possibility of physical transmission of the text, that the text was sent, brought, brought, submitted to the order; 3-an indication of the reproduction of what was said earlier, a reference to the previous text; 4 - mention in combination with other documents, including long-used ones that are well known as documents, for example. Scribal books. Unsubscribes and the like; 5 - an indication of the fact of notarial actions with the text; 6 - other attributes that characterize the act as a separate text, as a document; various facts of clerical text processing.

We will give examples of the alleged names of documents, when the word combines several of the listed features: "And if in the name of Sottsky they will choose and take the choice for elective people on Nebo, yes, that Sottsky and bring the choice to the city on Alatar and with him yavitsa and submit the choice to Nebo in the order of detective affairs..." (1670); "... and the inspection of all that will bring the painting and arrival in Turin ostrogo to the voivode to Mikita Vasilyevich Kaftyrev "(1641); " Yes, about that to you, the great sovereign, I was ordered, your serf, to write and search for search people with my hands and unsubscribe books with my hands. send "(1673); "A messenger from me, the Pentecostal Abram Lisitsyn, was sent with the necessary replies to the rosny orders, and with him also the detective about Prince Osip" (ca. 1682); " And he, Ivan, and the sub-clerk arrived from that village of Khalezeva, gave me a detective for detective hands and a painting of the yards for hands their own" (1694).

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It is interesting to note those cases when the analyzed word has two meanings in the text: the name of the act, the action and the name of the document: "And how our letter will come to you in[elikogo] d[osudarya] ... and you b ... I told them to choose tselovalnikov ... from everyone I will stand according to the person, and I will tell everyone in my camp to put their hands on that person, so that that kisser is chosen from everything I will stand, and not by choice, as before they bought up and chose by agreement who they need... "(1673).

These six attributes indicate that an action or act is a separate text. It is worth noting that the fourth, especially the fifth, and partly the sixth signs also speak of such a text as a document.

Thus, the name of a text, including a document text, is found in references, respectively: Selection-for the first time in 1577, Arrival - in 1641, Inspection - in 1604, Love - in 1618, Drive - in 1590, Sentence - in 1570, Detective - in 1625. We remind you that natural documents with such self-names are marked for the first time: Selection - in 1623, Arrival-in 1641, Search-in 1618, Love-in 1683, Drive-in 1690, Sentence-in 1642, Detective-in 1683.

Examples similar to the above, which means that the document or business letter text has appeared since a certain time, can also be used in the following words:: Alignment, Watch, Income, Will, Survey, Inspection, Lights Out, Refusal, Petition, Divorce, Travel and a number of others. They were used in the documentary sense earlier than the original documents themselves are found. The correction, Inspection, and Rejection as separate independent texts have not yet been met.

In some cases, it can be difficult to determine whether we are dealing with a document or with the fact of a business letter, since contexts do not allow us to identify a sufficient number of modal features. Such cases include a Report, Denunciation, Application, Definition, Registration, Search. Let's make a reservation that as some of the many examples available, we will give only those where the meaning of the word we are interested in is closest to the document one and could be interpreted as a document one. On the word Report we refer to such cases: "And Prince Danilo Vasilyevich, putting both istsov and Danilo Blin before the Grand Duke, said his report to the Grand Duke" (1485-1505); "About the viceroy's decree. And about the viceroy and volostel, who keep fed I without a boyar court, serfs and robes without a report do not give out, not runaway letters do not give out; so w and serfs and robes on the sovereign right letters do not give out without a report, and release serfs and robes do not give out" (1497); "And put who a furlough without a boyar report and without a diach signature, or from cities without a viceroy's report... ino ta otzpustnaya not in otzpustnaya" (Sudebnik 1497); " ... and our judges in that case are su-

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dili yes report to us made stati on Moscow for the list before the sovereign before the Grand Duke on the same day on Epiphany and Christ" (1518) " And according to the Grand Duke word of Ivan Vasilyevich of all Russia, and according to the Grand Duke of Dvaretsky report of Prince Ivan Ivanovich Kubensky, and according to the court list, judge Fyodor Gnevashov son Strict awarded it..."(1534); "... you, the sovereign, have granted me [the voivode], your serf, ordered my service to be discharged and ordered yourself, the sovereign, to report to the duma deacon. And my little service is written out in the Embassy Order, but we haven't been to report to you, sire" (1650).

At the same time, there are many verbal nouns, the use of which in texts (and quite numerous) does not make it possible to detect signs of a document or even a business letter. These are, for example. Giving, Milking, Covenant, Land survey, Writing, Announcement, Salary, Description, Return, Truce, Command, Permission, Congratulations, Summoning (srv. document Pozovnitsa), Bail, Deed, Right, Prizes, Order, Section, Exchange (but there are business texts with the names Divorce, Departure ), Razmet, Spat, Split, Discharge, Deal, Consciousness, Dispute, Statement, and some others. It is possible that business texts with such names functioned for some time, but they did not survive, and these words probably meant only an action, a transaction, an act. Among them, we meet well-known later as the names of business texts Order, Oath, Outfit, Report, Contract, Oath, Notification, but the texts with such names did not come to our attention in their natural form, and the contexts of their use in monuments are such that they do not give grounds to consider them functioning in the pre-Petrine era. The addition and development of types of Russian documents were accompanied by linguistic phenomena characteristic of this genre.


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A. N. Kachalkin, Word semantics in document names // Stockholm: Swedish Digital Library (LIBRARY.SE). Updated: 31.07.2024. URL: https://library.se/m/articles/view/Word-semantics-in-document-names (date of access: 14.11.2024).

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